Achromatopsia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Rod monochromatism · Complete or incomplete achromatopsia
An inherited cone disorder can affect color, detail vision and comfort in bright light.
FROM THE EYES TO THE VISUAL BRAIN
Find a condition or visual symptom
Search common and rare topics by name or abbreviation. VisualSim guides and external clinical references are clearly labelled.
221 condition and symptom topics221 detailed VisualSim guides127 neuro-ophthalmic topics
221 topics
Acquired cerebral visual loss and cortical blindness
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Cerebral blindness · Cortical visual loss
Severe brain-based visual loss may occur even when an eye examination does not explain it.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationStanford — Abnormal Visual Perceptions, Hallucinations and IllusionsGlisson — Visual Loss Due to Optic Chiasm and Retrochiasmal Visual Pathway Lesions
5 more sources
Chaudhry, Raza and Ahmad — Anton’s syndrome: a rare and unusual form of blindnessEuropean Stroke Organisation guideline on visual impairment in strokeRNIB — Stroke-related eye conditionsNHS — Stroke symptomsCleveland Clinic — Occipital lobe, brain-based visual loss and cortical blindnessAcquired pendular nystagmus
Names, abbreviations & related terms: APN · Oculopalatal tremor-associated nystagmus
Smooth acquired eye oscillations can make vision unstable or blurred; their cause and pattern guide care.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorKang and Shaikh: Acquired pendular nystagmusBárány Society nystagmus classification consensus
8 more sources
Thurtell and colleagues: Crossover trial of gabapentin and memantine as treatment for acquired nystagmusStarck and colleagues: Acquired pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis: an examiner-blind crossover treatment studyKamath, Huang and Madill: How should I approach and manage adult-onset oscillopsia?NICE NG220: Multiple sclerosis in adults, oscillopsia recommendations 1.5.33–1.5.35Ahn, Chowdhary and Shaikh: Pendular Nystagmus and Oculopalatal TremorGabapentin and memantine increases randomness of oscillatory waveform in ocular palatal tremorNerrant and colleagues: Gabapentin and memantine for acquired pendular nystagmus—effects on visual outcomesStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology: Nystagmus and other ocular oscillationsAcquired vitelliform macular lesions
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Adult-onset vitelliform maculopathy · AVL
Separate a yellow retinal deposit from what a person sees, and understand the value of careful imaging.
Adie tonic pupil
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Tonic pupil · Adie pupil
A slowly responding pupil can cause light sensitivity or near-focus difficulty, while some people have few symptoms.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNANOS: AnisocoriaEyeWiki: Adie pupil
5 more sources
Dilute pilocarpine test for diagnosis of Adie tonic pupilBremner and Smith: Bilateral tonic pupils: Holmes–Adie syndrome or generalized neuropathy?Leavitt et al.: Pupillary response to four concentrations of pilocarpine in normal subjectsAAPOS: Anisocoria and Horner syndromeNHS — Double vision: urgent and immediate actionAge-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: AMD · Dry AMD · Neovascular AMD · Wet AMD · Geographic atrophy · Age-related macular degeneration · Macular degeneration
AMD affects the macula used for detailed central vision. Visual changes differ by type, location and stage.
Akinetopsia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Visual motion-perception impairment · Motion blindness
Akinetopsia affects perception of movement, while a still object may remain visible.
Albinism and associated visual impairment
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Ocular albinism · Oculocutaneous albinism · OA · OCA
Albinism can affect eye development, detail vision and light comfort, with wide variation between people.
Alice in Wonderland syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: AIWS · Dysmetropsia · Micropsia and macropsia · Pelopsia and teleopsia
AIWS describes distortions of size, distance, body perception or time rather than one disease.
Amblyopia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Lazy eye
Amblyopia is reduced visual development in one or both eyes, usually beginning in childhood.
Aniridia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Congenital aniridia
Aniridia can affect several parts of the eye; lifelong care extends beyond the iris.
Anisocoria: unequal pupil sizes
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Unequal pupils · Physiological anisocoria
A pupil-size difference can be a normal variation or a clue to an eye, nerve or medication effect.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationNANOS: AnisocoriaAAPOS: Anisocoria and Horner syndrome
6 more sources
EyeWiki: AnisocoriaSteck et al.: Physiologic anisocoria under various lighting conditionsHekimsoy et al.: Pupillary dynamics of patients with physiological anisocoriaEffect of light on the prevalence of simple anisocoriaNHS — Double vision: urgent and immediate actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeAnisometropia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Unequal refractive error · Unequal glasses prescriptions
Unequal focusing errors can affect clarity, binocular comfort and childhood visual development.
Anophthalmia and microphthalmia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Anophthalmia · Microphthalmia
Congenital absence or underdevelopment of an eye calls for individual visual and developmental care.
Anton syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Anton-Babinski syndrome · Visual anosognosia associated with cortical blindness
Anton syndrome combines cerebral visual loss with impaired awareness of that loss.
Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: ARS · PITX2-related anterior segment dysgenesis · FOXC1-related anterior segment dysgenesis
Understand eye development, glaucoma surveillance, genetics and practical support for Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationMedlinePlus Genetics — Axenfeld-Rieger syndromeReis et al. — Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: more than meets the eye
9 more sources
Bohnsack et al. — Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: From Zebrafish Models to Clinical OutcomesReis et al. — Alternative Genetic Diagnoses in Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome SpectrumAAPOS — Glaucoma in ChildrenAAPOS — Identifying Genetic Eye Disease in ChildrenGlaucoma UK — Glaucoma in babies and childrenAPH ConnectCenter — FamilyConnectNational Eye Institute — Vision RehabilitationNational Eye Institute — Other Types of Corneal Disease, ICE sectionNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionBálint syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Balint-Holmes syndrome
Bálint syndrome can disrupt scene attention, voluntary gaze shifts and visually guided reaching.
Best disease and other bestrophinopathies
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Best vitelliform macular dystrophy · BEST1-associated retinopathy · Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy · ADVIRC
BEST1-related disorders vary in inheritance, retinal findings and visual impact.
Bietti crystalline dystrophy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy · BCD
Bietti dystrophy can affect night vision, peripheral awareness and later central detail.
Binocular double vision
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Binocular diplopia
Understand doubling caused by eyes pointing in different directions, and which details help an assessment.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS: Double visionDinkin: Diagnostic approach to diplopia
5 more sources
AAPOS: Adult Strabismus (Adult Eye Misalignment)Holmes and colleagues: Quantifying diplopia with a questionnaireHatt and colleagues: Development of a quality-of-life questionnaire for adults with strabismusHatt and colleagues: Successful treatment of diplopia with prism improves health-related quality of lifeStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology: Diplopia basicsBirdshot chorioretinopathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Birdshot uveitis · Birdshot retinochoroidopathy
Look beyond the eye-chart score to understand contrast, night vision and inflammation monitoring.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMoorfields: Birdshot chorioretinopathyBousquet et al.: Birdshot Chorioretinopathy, a review
8 more sources
Electroretinography of disease activity and treatment response in birdshotCrowell et al.: Treatment outcomes in birdshot chorioretinitisMinos et al.: Birdshot current knowledge and monitoring reviewBirdshot Uveitis SocietyBirdshot Uveitis Society of North AmericaRNIB: practical sight-loss supportNEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionBlepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Blepharitis · MGD
Understand recurring eyelid irritation, tear-film effects and why treatment depends on the subtype.
Blepharospasm
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Benign essential blepharospasm · BEB
Involuntary eyelid closure can interrupt seeing even when the eye itself can form a clear image.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationNational Eye Institute: BlepharospasmDuarte et al.: Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm
5 more sources
Mitsikostas et al.: IncobotulinumtoxinA for blepharospasm in toxin-naïve subjectsDuration and onset of effect of incobotulinumtoxinA for blepharospasm in toxin-naïve subjectsHassell and Charles: Treatment of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia with botulinum toxinsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeBrown syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Superior oblique tendon restriction
Restricted tendon movement can limit looking upward when the eye turns inward.
Carotid artery dissection
Names, abbreviations & related terms: carotid dissection · internal carotid artery dissection
A tear within the carotid artery wall can affect eye blood flow or nearby nerves.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationJohns Hopkins Medicine — Carotid DissectionAHA — Treatment and Outcomes of Cervical Artery Dissection in Adults
7 more sources
AHA — Cervical artery dissection: Top Things to KnowKaufmann et al. — Antithrombotic Treatment for Cervical Artery Dissection: Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-AnalysisMarkus et al. — CADISS Randomized Clinical Trial Final ResultsAmerican Stroke Association — Support Group FinderStroke Association — About the Online CommunityNational Clinical Guideline for Stroke — Acute care, arterial dissectionNational Eye Institute — Low VisionCarotid-cavernous fistula
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CCF · dural carotid-cavernous fistula · Direct carotid-cavernous fistula
An abnormal artery-to-vein connection near the orbit can cause congestion, double vision or reduced sight.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAO EyeWiki — Carotid Cavernous FistulaStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — Cavernous Sinus and Orbital Vascular Disorders 1
7 more sources
Massachusetts General Hospital — Neurovascular Service: Carotid-Cavernous FistulaHarake et al. — Endovascular approaches for the treatment of dural carotid-cavernous fistulas: A systematic reviewCohen and Allen — Carotid Cavernous Fistula, University of Iowa EyeRoundsEndovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas: a 16-year retrospective analysis of multimodal treatment strategies and long-term clinical outcomesMalik and Moin — Clinical Presentation of Carotid-Cavernous Fistula and Outcomes of Endovascular Balloon EmbolizationNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — Carotid-cavernous fistulaCataract
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Lens opacity
A cataract is clouding of the eye’s lens. Its effects can include blur, glare and altered color appearance.
Cavernous sinus syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CSS
A problem near the cavernous sinus can affect eye movement, pupil control and facial sensation.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAO EyeWiki — Cavernous Sinus SyndromeStatPearls — Cavernous Sinus Syndromes
5 more sources
Pensak et al. — The cavernous sinus: An anatomic study with clinical implicationBhatkar et al. — Cavernous sinus syndrome: A prospective study of 73 cases at a tertiary care centre in Northern IndiaClinical and radiological profile of cavernous sinus syndrome: a study from eastern part of IndiaTraversing the cavern: radiological manifestations of cavernous sinus pathologiesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionCavernous sinus thrombosis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CST · Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis
A clot in the cavernous sinus can affect orbital drainage and nearby nerves, often in association with infection.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS 111 Wales — Cavernous sinus thrombosisMedlinePlus — Cavernous sinus thrombosis
7 more sources
StatPearls — Cavernous Sinus ThrombosisHousley et al. — Cavernous Sinus ThrombosisHalawa et al. — Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Clinical Characteristics, Management, and OutcomesAkarapas et al. — Anticoagulation for cavernous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysisAnticoagulation in septic cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: A retrospective real-world experienceNational Eye Institute — Low VisionStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology: Cavernous sinus and orbital vascular disorders: thrombosisCentral serous chorioretinopathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CSC · CSCR · Central serous retinopathy
Understand central blur from fluid beneath the retina and what treatment studies actually show.
Cerebral achromatopsia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Acquired cortical color-perception loss · Cerebral dyschromatopsia
Brain-based color loss is different from inherited retinal achromatopsia.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CVST · cerebral sinovenous thrombosis
A clot in brain veins or venous sinuses can affect vision through raised pressure or brain injury.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorJohns Hopkins Medicine — Cerebral Venous Sinus ThrombosisAHA — Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Scientific Statement
6 more sources
Canadian Stroke Best Practices — CVT acute treatment and vision sectionCanadian Stroke Best Practices — Post-Acute Management and Person-centered CareFerro et al. — Safety and Efficacy of Dabigatran Etexilate vs Dose-Adjusted Warfarin in CVT: A Randomized Clinical Trialvan de Munckhof et al. — Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists for CVT (DOAC-CVT)Thrombosis UK — Support meetings and CVST leafletNational Eye Institute — Low VisionCerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Brain-based childhood visual impairment · Developmental CVI
CVI affects how a developing brain uses vision; clear eyesight alone does not describe a child’s visual access.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationNational Eye Institute — Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)Lehman, Yin and Chang — Diagnosis and Care of Children With Cerebral/Cortical Visual Impairment: Clinical Report
8 more sources
Pilling et al. — Clinical assessment, investigation, diagnosis and initial management of cerebral visual impairment: a consensus practice guideWeden, DeCarlo and Barstow — A Scoping Review of Intervention for Pediatric Cerebral Visual ImpairmentClosing in on a Consensus in Identifying, Assessing and Diagnosing Children With Cerebral Visual ImpairmentPerkins School for the Blind — CVI NowPediatric Cortical Visual Impairment SocietyNHS — Symptoms of a strokeNHS — Vision lossNHS — What to do if someone has a seizureChalazion and stye
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Meibomian cyst · Chalazion · Stye · Hordeolum
Compare a blocked eyelid oil gland with an infection, and know when a persistent lump needs examination.
Charles Bonnet syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CBS · Visual release hallucinations · Charles Bonnet
Visual hallucinations may occur in the context of significant visual impairment. The images may be patterns or formed scenes and do not by themselves identify the cause.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS — Charles Bonnet syndromeRNIB. Charles Bonnet syndrome.
3 more sources
Bridge et al. Neurochemistry and functional connectivity in the brain of people with Charles Bonnet syndrome (2024).Jones and Moosajee. Visual hallucinations and sight loss in children and young adults: a retrospective case series of Charles Bonnet syndrome (2021).Esme’s Umbrella. Charles Bonnet syndrome support.Chiari malformation-related visual problems
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Chiari I malformation · Arnold-Chiari malformation · Chiari-related nystagmus
Some Chiari-related visual symptoms involve eye movements, alignment or gaze stability.
Choroidal detachment
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Serous choroidal detachment · Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment
Understand which eye layer has separated and why serous and hemorrhagic detachments need different plans.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorASRS: Choroidal detachmentRetina and glaucoma: surgical complications
6 more sources
Concurrent ciliary-body detachment after glaucoma surgeryLiu et al.: Visual and anatomic outcomes of suprachoroidal hemorrhageFactors associated with outcomes of suprachoroidal hemorrhageGlaucoma UK: information and supportRNIB: sight-loss supportNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionChoroidal nevus
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Choroidal naevus · Choroidal freckle
Most choroidal nevi do not change vision; understand imaging, follow-up and what a referral means.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationASRS: Choroidal nevusShields et al.: White paper on choroidal-nevus imaging
6 more sources
Performance of MOLES and TFSOM-DIM classificationQureshi et al.: Choroidal-nevus features associated with referralBelfast Health and Social Care Trust: Choroidal naevus leafletMelanoma Research Foundation: CURE OMNEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionChoroideremia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CHM-associated retinal degeneration · Progressive tapetochoroidal dystrophy
Choroideremia often affects night vision and the peripheral field before central detail becomes limited.
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CPEO · PEO · Progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Slowly progressive eye-movement weakness and drooping lids can be part of mitochondrial disease.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMitochondrial Chronic Progressive External OphthalmoplegiaParikh et al.: Patient care standards for primary mitochondrial disease
5 more sources
Goldstein and Falk: Single Large-Scale Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Syndromes, GeneReviewsRodríguez-López et al.: Clinical, pathological and genetic spectrum in 89 cases of mitochondrial PEOMedlinePlus Genetics: Progressive external ophthalmoplegiaNHS — Shortness of breath: emergency warning signsNHS — Symptoms of a strokeCoats disease
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Retinal telangiectasia with exudation
Coats disease involves abnormal leaking retinal vessels, usually affecting one eye.
Coloboma
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Ocular coloboma
Coloboma is missing eye tissue; visual impact depends on which structures are involved.
Color vision deficiency
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Color vision · Color blindness · Colour blindness · Colour vision deficiency
Explore color differences. This simulation is not a color-vision test.
Cone and cone-rod dystrophies
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Cone dystrophy · Cone-rod degeneration · CORD · CRD
Cone-predominant retinal disorders can affect daylight detail, color and light comfort.
Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CFEOM · Congenital fibrosis syndrome
Congenital nerve-development differences can restrict eye movement and affect eyelid position.
Congenital stationary night blindness
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CSNB · Autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness · Autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness
CSNB affects retinal signaling and low-light vision; subtype and daytime function vary.
Conjunctival tumors
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Conjunctival tumours · Conjunctival growth
Understand why the exact tissue diagnosis matters more than a surface growth’s color or appearance.
Conjunctivitis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Pink eye · Allergic conjunctivitis · Viral conjunctivitis · Bacterial conjunctivitis
Separate common pink-eye patterns from changes that need prompt eye assessment.
Convergence insufficiency
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CI
Near work can become tiring, blurred or double when the eyes struggle to stay coordinated up close.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNational Eye Institute: Convergence InsufficiencyAAPOS: Convergence Insufficiency
5 more sources
Scheiman and colleagues: Interventions for convergence insufficiency: a network meta-analysisCITT Study Group: Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in childrenCITT-ART Investigator Group: Effect of Vergence/Accommodative Therapy on Reading in Children with Convergence InsufficiencyAlvarez and colleagues: CONCUSS randomized clinical trial of vergence/accommodative therapy for concussion-related symptomatic convergence insufficiencyNHS: Double visionCosteff syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Costeff optic atrophy syndrome · 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III · autosomal recessive OPA3
This rare inherited condition can combine early optic atrophy with movement difficulties and other neurological needs.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAnikster — Costeff Syndrome, GeneReviewsMedlinePlus Genetics — Costeff syndrome
4 more sources
Yahalom et al. — Costeff syndrome: clinical features and natural historyAnikster et al. — Identification of OPA3 and its founder mutation in Iraqi JewsPei et al. — A model of Costeff Syndrome reveals metabolic and protective functions of mitochondrial OPA3National Eye Institute — Low VisionCraniopharyngioma
Names, abbreviations & related terms: suprasellar craniopharyngioma
A tumor near optic pathways and the pituitary can affect sight, hormones and daily function in children or adults.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNCI PDQ — Childhood Craniopharyngioma Treatment, professional versionCuny et al. — French endocrine/pediatric consensus on craniopharyngiomas
5 more sources
Brastianos et al. — BRAF–MEK Inhibition in Newly Diagnosed Papillary CraniopharyngiomasRAPNO Working Group — Response assessment in pediatric craniopharyngiomaThe Brain Tumour Charity — CraniopharyngiomaNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNational Cancer Institute — Childhood craniopharyngioma, patient PDQDeafness-dystonia-optic neuronopathy syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: DDON · Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome · Mohr-Tranebjærg syndrome · TIMM8A-related disorder
TIMM8A-related disease can combine hearing, movement and optic nerve problems, with different needs at different times.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorTranebjærg — Deafness-Dystonia-Optic Neuronopathy Syndrome, GeneReviewsMedlinePlus Genetics — Deafness-dystonia-optic neuronopathy syndrome
9 more sources
Functional analysis of a novel mutation in TIMM8A causing DDONKang et al. — Function of hTim8a in complex IV assembly in neuronal cellsVentura et al. — XLA-MTS: a distinct clinical genetic entity characterized by immunodeficiency and neurodevelopmental delayHelen Keller National Center — DeafBlind rehabilitation and regional servicesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNHS — Shortness of breath: emergency warning signsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeMedlinePlus Genetics — Deafness-dystonia-optic neuronopathy syndromeDecompensated strabismus and phoria
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Decompensated heterophoria · Loss of binocular alignment control
A previously controlled alignment tendency can become symptomatic, but new double vision still needs assessment.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS: Double visionDinkin: Diagnostic approach to diplopia
5 more sources
AAPOS: Adult Strabismus (Adult Eye Misalignment)Ali and colleagues: Decompensated Esophoria as a Benign Cause of Acquired EsotropiaHatt and colleagues: Development of a quality-of-life questionnaire for adults with strabismusDagi and colleagues: Adult Strabismus Preferred Practice PatternStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology: Diplopia basicsDiabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema
Names, abbreviations & related terms: DR · DME · Diabetic macular oedema · Diabetic eye disease
Understand silent retinal changes, central swelling and the choices that protect useful vision.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNational Eye Institute: Diabetic retinopathyASRS: Diabetic retinopathy
11 more sources
ADA: Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care — Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026Gross et al.: Five-year outcomes of panretinal photocoagulation versus ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathyBaker et al.: Initial aflibercept, laser or observation for DME with good visual acuityAmerican Diabetes Association: Eye healthDiabetes UK: Diabetic retinopathy and eye problemsDRCR Retina Network: Low-contrast acuity ancillary study within Protocol VRNIB: Diabetes-related eye conditionsDRCR.net: Aflibercept, bevacizumab or ranibizumab for DME — two-year Protocol T resultsNEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionMoorfields Eye Hospital — Diabetic macular oedemaDivergence insufficiency and distance esotropia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Divergence insufficiency-type esotropia · Adult-onset distance esotropia
Distance-predominant inward eye misalignment can cause double vision across a room while reading remains easier.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS: Double visionSheth and colleagues: Assessment of diplopia in adults
5 more sources
Holmes: Evaluation and Management of Divergence Insufficiency-Type EsotropiaAAO EyeWiki: Sagging Eye SyndromeCrouch and PEDIG colleagues: A prospective study of treatments for adult-onset divergence insufficiency-type esotropiaChaudhuri and Demer: Sagging Eye Syndrome: Connective Tissue Involution as a Cause of Horizontal and Vertical Strabismus in Older PatientsAAPOS: Adult-onset esotropiaDominant optic atrophy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: DOA · ADOA · OPA1-related optic atrophy · Kjer optic atrophy
An inherited optic nerve condition can affect central detail and color, with substantial variation even within a family.
Dorsal midbrain syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Parinaud syndrome · Pretectal syndrome
A cluster of gaze, pupil and eyelid signs can indicate a problem around the upper brainstem’s eye-control pathways.
Double vision and ghosting (diplopia)
Double vision is a symptom with several causes; the first useful distinction is whether it persists through one eye.
Downbeat and upbeat nystagmus
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Downbeat nystagmus · Upbeat nystagmus · Vertical jerk nystagmus
Vertical jerk nystagmus can disturb vision; downbeat and upbeat are distinct examination patterns with different causes.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorBárány Society nystagmus classification consensusMarcelli and colleagues: Downbeat nystagmus: a clinical and pathophysiological review
7 more sources
Upbeat nystagmus: a clinical and pathophysiological reviewClaassen and colleagues: Randomized double-blind crossover trial of 4-aminopyridine for downbeat nystagmusGAA-FGF14 disease: defining its frequency, molecular basis and 4-aminopyridine response in a large downbeat nystagmus cohortKim and colleagues: Upbeat nystagmus: clinicoanatomical correlations in 15 patientsPellerin and colleagues: GAA-FGF14-Related Ataxia, GeneReviewsKamath and colleagues: How should I approach and manage adult-onset oscillopsia?Stanford Neuro-Ophthalmology: Nystagmus and other ocular oscillationsDry eye disease and tear-film instability
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Dry eye · DED · Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
How an unstable tear film can affect comfort and clarity, and why finding its drivers matters.
Duane retraction syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Duane syndrome · DRS
Congenital eye-movement wiring differences can limit side gaze and make the eye retract when it turns inward.
Endophthalmitis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Intraocular infection
An infection inside the eye that needs urgent specialist care, not a wait-and-see approach.
Enhanced S-cone syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: ESCS · Goldmann-Favre spectrum
Enhanced S-cone syndrome can affect early night vision and macular function in different ways.
Epiphora / watering eyes
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Watery eyes · Excess tearing · Blocked tear duct
Why tears can overflow, how production differs from drainage, and what assessment can clarify.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS: Watering eyesMoorfields: Epiphora (watering eye)
4 more sources
Interventions in functional epiphora–a systematic reviewThe role of intubation and dacryocystorhinostomy in the management of functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction: a systematic reviewEndonasal versus external dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstructionNational Eye Institute: Dry EyeEpiretinal membrane / macular pucker
Names, abbreviations & related terms: ERM · Macular pucker · Cellophane maculopathy
A thin membrane can wrinkle the macula and distort detail vision; many mild cases are monitored.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorASRS: Epiretinal MembranesNational Eye Institute: Macular Pucker
5 more sources
Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane and Vitreomacular Traction Preferred Practice PatternSurgery for idiopathic epiretinal membraneLong-term functional outcomes and vision-related quality of life after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane: a prospective cohort studyRNIB: Epiretinal membraneNEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsEpiscleritis
Usually mild inflammation over the white of the eye, with an important distinction from deeper scleritis.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationMoorfields: EpiscleritisCollege of Optometrists: Episcleritis
5 more sources
NHS: Red eyeA randomised, double-blind trial of topical ketorolac vs artificial tears for the treatment of episcleritisClinical characteristics of a large cohort of patients with scleritis and episcleritisEpiscleritis and scleritis: clinical features and treatment resultsUniversity Hospitals Dorset — Episcleritis / scleritis patient leafletEpithelial and stromal corneal dystrophies
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Lattice corneal dystrophy · Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy · Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy · EBMD
A family of corneal disorders whose exact subtype determines symptoms, inheritance and care.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNational Eye Institute: Corneal DystrophiesIC3D Classification of Corneal Dystrophies—Edition 3
4 more sources
Interventions for recurrent corneal erosionsRecurrence Rate After Phototherapeutic Keratectomy in Epithelial-Stromal TGFBI Corneal Dystrophies Compared With Epithelial Basement Membrane DystrophySafety and Efficacy of Phototherapeutic Keratectomy for Recurrent Corneal Erosions: systematic review and meta-analysisCorneal Dystrophy Foundation: Support GroupEye floaters
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Vitreous floaters · Muscae volitantes
Floaters are drifting spots, strands or other shadows noticed within the visual scene. They can arise from different changes inside the eye.
Eye involvement in Behçet’s disease
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Behcet disease · Behcet syndrome
Understand eye inflammation within a relapsing systemic condition and build a coordinated care plan.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNEI: Behçet’s diseaseNHS: Behçet disease symptoms
7 more sources
Hatemi et al.: EULAR recommendations, 2025 updateOzguler et al.: Systematic review of major-organ involvementYazici et al.: Controlled trial of azathioprine in Behçet syndromeBehçet’s UK: support and contact scopeRNIB: practical sight-loss supportAmerican Behçet’s Disease AssociationNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionEye trauma and chemical injury
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Ocular trauma · Chemical eye burn · Corneal abrasion · Penetrating eye injury
Immediate first aid matters after a chemical splash; different injuries need different emergency precautions.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS: Eye injuriesCollege of Optometrists: Trauma (chemical)
6 more sources
Chemical Injuries Classification and Management—Current PerspectivesOcular BurnsAmniotic membrane transplantation for acute ocular burnsCultivated autologous limbal epithelial cell transplantation: phase I/II trialRNIB: practical support and community connectionsMoorfields Eye Hospital — Corneal abrasionFamilial exudative vitreoretinopathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: FEVR
FEVR affects retinal blood-vessel development and can be silent or threaten sight.
Fourth cranial nerve palsy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CN IV palsy · Trochlear nerve palsy · Superior oblique palsy · CN4 · CNIV · Fourth nerve palsy
Why fourth nerve weakness can cause tilted or vertically separated images, especially when looking down.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAPOS: Fourth Nerve (Superior Oblique) PalsyUniversity Hospitals of North Midlands: Adult orthoptics and fourth nerve palsy leaflet
4 more sources
Dosunmu et al.: Incidence and Etiology of Presumed Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy: A Population-based StudyTamhankar et al.: Isolated third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies from presumed microvascular versus other causesDagi et al., AAO: Adult Strabismus Preferred Practice PatternNHS: Double visionFuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Fuchs’ dystrophy · FECD
A corneal pump-cell disorder that can cause morning haze, glare and later persistent blur.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMoorfields: Fuchs’ Endothelial Corneal DystrophyCollege of Optometrists: Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
6 more sources
Delphi-Based Global Consensus on Fuchs Endothelial Corneal DystrophyMicrothin DSAEK Versus DMEK: A Randomized Clinical TrialDescemet Stripping Only in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Topical RipasudilDETECT II: trial protocol comparing DMEK to DSO with ripasudilIC3D Classification of Corneal Dystrophies—Edition 3Corneal Dystrophy Foundation: Support GroupFunctional visual disorder
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Functional visual loss · Functional vision disorder · Functional visual symptoms
Functional visual symptoms are real and involuntary; diagnosis relies on positive clinical evidence.
Gaze-evoked nystagmus
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Gaze-holding nystagmus · Rebound nystagmus
Eye oscillations during side gaze can reflect a gaze-holding problem, but small extreme-gaze movements may be normal.
Giant cell arteritis and arteritic visual loss
Names, abbreviations & related terms: GCA · temporal arteritis · arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy · AAION
Recognize urgent visual changes, understand vascular testing and prepare for coordinated GCA care.
Glaucoma
Names, abbreviations & related terms: glaucomatous optic neuropathy · Open-angle glaucoma · Angle-closure glaucoma · Normal-tension glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of diseases that damage the optic nerve. Visual-field changes can develop without being noticed, and experiences vary with the pattern and extent of damage.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis: eye and orbital involvement
Names, abbreviations & related terms: GPA eye disease · Wegener granulomatosis · GPA-related optic perineuritis
GPA can affect the eye, the eye socket and the optic nerve through several inflammatory mechanisms.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorVasculitis UK — Vasculitis and the EyesVasculitis Foundation — GPA patient brochure
10 more sources
NHS — Granulomatosis with polyangiitisPotentas-Policewicz and Fijolek — Granulomatosis with polyangiitis: clinical characteristics and updates in diagnosisYang et al. — Ophthalmic manifestations and visual outcomes of GPA: a retrospective multicentre study in KoreaHellmich et al. — EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis: 2022 updateVasculitis Foundation — Find SupportVasculitis UK — Contact and support routesOcular and orbital manifestations of GPA: a systematic review of published casesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionMedlinePlus Genetics — Granulomatosis with polyangiitisAAO EyeWiki — Optic perineuritis and systemic causesHallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Hallucinogenic persisting perception disorder · Persistent perceptual symptoms after hallucinogen exposure · Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder · HPPD
Recurring or persistent perceptual disturbances after hallucinogen exposure can include several kinds of visual phenomena. Their appearance can overlap other disorders.
Herpes simplex eye disease
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Herpes simplex keratitis · HSV keratitis · Ocular herpes
Herpes simplex can affect different corneal layers, so antiviral and steroid decisions must match the examination.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS — Herpes simplex eye infectionsAAO — Herpes Eye Infections: What is Herpes Keratitis?
6 more sources
Sibley and Larkin — Update on Herpes simplex keratitis managementHerpetic Eye Disease Study Group — Acyclovir for prevention of recurrent HSV eye diseaseWilhelmus et al. — Controlled trial of topical corticosteroids for HSV stromal keratitisCohen et al. — Zoster Eye Disease randomized clinical trialDry Eye Foundation — You are not aloneNational Eye Institute — Other corneal diseases: shingles and ocular herpesHerpes zoster ophthalmicus (ocular shingles)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: HZO · Ocular shingles · Ophthalmic shingles · Shingles around the eye
Shingles around the eye can cause inflammation and raise eye pressure; prompt assessment and follow-up matter.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMoorfields — Ocular shinglesNHS — Shingles
11 more sources
CDC — Clinical overview of shinglesCDC — Shingles vaccine recommendationsCohen et al. — Low-dose valacyclovir in HZO: ZEDS randomized clinical trialScott et al. — HZO recurrence, risk factors and long-term clinical outcomesWalia et al. — HZO recurrence after recombinant zoster vaccinationLitt et al. — HZO presentation, complications, treatment and preventionTao, Soor and Micieli — Herpes zoster in neuro-ophthalmologyShingles Support Society — About and support scopeNational Eye Institute — Vision rehabilitationCollege of Optometrists — HZO clinical management guideline public summaryCohen et al. — Zoster Eye Disease randomized trialHomonymous hemianopia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Homonymous hemianopsia · Same-sided visual-field loss · Hemianopia
Loss of the same side of visual space in both eyes is a pattern associated with damage behind the optic chiasm.
Homonymous quadrantanopia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Quadrantic visual-field loss · Upper or lower homonymous quadrant loss
Homonymous quadrantanopia affects a corresponding upper or lower field region in both eyes.
Horner syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Oculosympathetic paresis
A smaller pupil and mild lid droop can signal a change in the sympathetic nerve pathway.
Hydrocephalus-related visual problems
Names, abbreviations & related terms: hydrocephalus · hydrocephalus eye problems
Understand pressure, eye-movement and visual-development effects, including changes that need urgent shunt assessment.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAANS — HydrocephalusSydney Children’s Hospitals Network — Hydrocephalus factsheet
6 more sources
Paediatric hydrocephalusHydrocephalus Association — Eye Problems Associated with HydrocephalusNazir et al. — Sensitivity of papilledema as a sign of shunt failure in childrenJonzzon et al. — Neuro-ophthalmological findings in pediatric ventricular shunt failureNational Eye Institute — Low VisionUCLA Health Neurosurgery — HydrocephalusHydroxychloroquine-associated retinal toxicity
Names, abbreviations & related terms: HCQ retinopathy · Plaquenil retinopathy
Retinal screening can detect toxicity before symptoms; medication decisions belong with the prescribing and eye teams.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAO: Recommendations on Screening for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy—2026Hydroxychloroquine Dose and Risk for Incident Retinopathy: A Cohort Study
6 more sources
Risk Factors for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy and Its SubtypesRoyal College of Ophthalmologists monitoring recommendations,2020 revisionACR/AAD/RDS/AAO2020 Joint Statement on HCQ use and retinal toxicityNHS: HydroxychloroquineRNIB: practical support and community connectionsLupus Foundation of America: programs and servicesHypertensive retinopathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: High blood pressure and eye disease · Malignant hypertensive retinopathy
Blood-pressure-related retinal changes can be silent but may reveal important systemic risk.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMedlinePlus: High blood pressure and eye disease2024 ESC Guidelines for elevated blood pressure and hypertension
6 more sources
Hypertensive retinopathy and cardiovascular disease risk:6 population-based cohorts meta-analysisHypertensive retinopathy and risk of strokeStroke risk in patients with hypertensive retinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysisHypertensive eye diseaseAmerican Heart Association: High Blood PressureRNIB: practical support and community connectionsIdiopathic intracranial hypertension
Names, abbreviations & related terms: IIH · pseudotumor cerebri
Understand pressure-related visual symptoms, eye monitoring and the different goals of IIH treatment.
IgG4-related ophthalmic disease
Names, abbreviations & related terms: IgG4-related orbital inflammation · IgG4-ROD
IgG4-related disease can enlarge orbital tissues and sometimes threaten optic-nerve function.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorTakahira, Goto and Azumi — The 2023 revised diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related ophthalmic diseaseImmunoglobulin G4–Related Ophthalmic Disease: A Nationwide Multicenter Study in Korea
8 more sources
Orphanet — IgG4-related ophthalmic diseaseStatPearls — IgG4-Related DiseaseStone et al. — Inebilizumab for Treatment of IgG4-Related DiseaseFDA — Inebilizumab adult IgG4-related disease approval recordDailyMed — Uplizna US prescribing information, revised September 2026IgG4ward — Community Support MeetingsNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — IgG4-related orbital inflammationInfantile nystagmus
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Infantile nystagmus syndrome · Idiopathic infantile nystagmus · Congenital nystagmus
Early-onset eye movements can affect visual detail, viewing posture and task time without a constantly shaking world.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAPOS: NystagmusSelf and colleagues: Management of nystagmus in children: a review of the literature and current practice in UK specialist services
6 more sources
Cham and colleagues: Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndromeChang and colleagues: Surgical Treatments to Improve Visual Acuity in Infantile Nystagmus SyndromeMcLean and colleagues: Congenital nystagmus: randomized controlled double-masked trial of memantine/gabapentinLi, Huurneman and Goossens: Symptomatic treatment of infantile nystagmus: a systematic reviewNHS: Symptoms of a strokeNHS: What to do if someone has a seizureInfectious retinitis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CMV retinitis · Ocular toxoplasmosis · Acute retinal necrosis
Retinal infection has many causes; identifying the organism and immune context guides urgent care.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorASRS: Infectious RetinitisNIH: Cytomegalovirus Disease, adult and adolescent HIV opportunistic-infection guidelines
7 more sources
Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in acute retinal necrosis: an updateCDC: Neurosyphilis, Ocular Syphilis, and OtosyphilisAntibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditisAntiviral treatment for acute retinal necrosis: systematic review and meta-analysisRNIB: practical sight-loss supportOIUF: patient support and online groupsNHS — Vision lossInternuclear ophthalmoplegia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: INO · Bilateral INO · WEBINO
A brainstem connection between eye-movement centers can fail, making the two eyes move out of step.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorUniversity of Iowa EyeRounds: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia atlasKeane: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: unusual causes in 114 of 410 patients
5 more sources
Kanhai and colleagues: Treatment of internuclear ophthalmoparesis in multiple sclerosis with fampridineMS Society: MS eye and vision problemsEggenberger and colleagues: Prognosis of ischemic internuclear ophthalmoplegiaDinkin: Diagnostic approach to diplopiaBritish and Irish Orthoptic Society: Stroke or brain injuryIntracranial aneurysm and visual problems
Names, abbreviations & related terms: brain aneurysm · cerebral aneurysm · intracranial aneurysm
How some brain aneurysms affect sight or eye movement, and why most do not cause visual symptoms.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS — Brain aneurysmBrain Aneurysm Foundation — Unruptured Aneurysm Symptoms
6 more sources
AAO — Diagnostic Considerations in an Acquired, Isolated Third Nerve PalsyFlow diversion for compressive unruptured ICA aneurysms with neuro-ophthalmological symptomsESO guidelines on management of unruptured intracranial aneurysmsMore than meets the eye: visual outcomes after clipping, coiling and flow diversionBrain Aneurysm Foundation — RecoveryNational Eye Institute — Low VisionIntraocular lens dislocation
Names, abbreviations & related terms: IOL dislocation · Dislocated lens implant
An artificial lens can shift after cataract surgery, causing blur, ghosting or a visible lens edge.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAmerican Society of Retina Specialists: Intraocular lens dislocationEyeWiki: Dislocated intraocular lens
6 more sources
Kristianslund and colleagues: Late in-the-bag IOL dislocation—randomized trialYang and colleagues: Surgical management of IOL dislocation—meta-analysisKristianslund, Dalby and Drolsum: Late in-the-bag IOL dislocationNHS: Cataract surgeryAnisimova and colleagues: Risk factors for late IOL dislocation—systematic review and meta-analysisNHS: Vision lossIridocorneal endothelial syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: ICE syndrome
Abnormal corneal cells can affect the iris and drainage angle, causing edema and secondary glaucoma.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNational Eye Institute: Other Types of Corneal Disease, ICE sectionAAO: What Is Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome?
6 more sources
Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome: contemporary reviewOutcomes of Trabeculectomy and Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation in ICEOutcomes of Penetrating Keratoplasty Versus Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty in ICE: systematic reviewGlaucoma UK: further help and informationIridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome, StatPearlsRNIB: practical sight-loss supportJoubert syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: JBTS · Joubert syndrome and related disorders · JSRD
Eye-movement, retinal and developmental visual needs vary widely in Joubert syndrome.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationGlass, Dempsey, Parisi and Doherty: Joubert Syndrome, GeneReviewsBachmann-Gagescu et al.: Healthcare recommendations for Joubert syndrome
6 more sources
Brooks et al.: Joubert syndrome: ophthalmological findings in correlation with genotype and hepatorenal disease in 99 patientsMorelli et al.: Visual function in children with Joubert syndromeMedlinePlus Genetics: Joubert syndromeNHS: Vision lossNHS: Shortness of breathNHS: Symptoms of a strokeKearns–Sayre syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: KSS
Early-onset eye-movement weakness and retinal changes can accompany important cardiac and systemic risks.
Keratoconus and related corneal ectasia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Keratoconus · Corneal ectasia
Corneal thinning and irregular shape can distort focus; vision correction and progression control serve different goals.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMoorfields: KeratoconusGlobal Consensus on Keratoconus and Ectatic Diseases—Edition2
5 more sources
KERALINK randomized controlled trialFDA: EPIOXA HD and EPIOXA prescribing informationEvidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Keratoconus PatientsNational Keratoconus Foundation: patient resourcesKeratoconus Group: community and practical resourcesLattice degeneration of the retina
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Peripheral retinal lattice degeneration
Usually silent thinning of the peripheral retina; monitoring and knowing tear symptoms matter most.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationASRS: Lattice DegenerationNational Eye Institute: Retinal Detachment
4 more sources
Posterior Vitreous Detachment, Retinal Breaks, and Lattice Degeneration Preferred Practice PatternInterventions for asymptomatic retinal breaks and lattice degeneration for preventing retinal detachmentProphylactic treatment of lattice degeneration in fellow eyes after repair of primary retinal detachmentEfficacy of Prophylactic Laser Treatment of Lattice Degeneration in Fellow Eyes After Retinal BreaksLeber congenital amaurosis / early-onset severe retinal dystrophy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: LCA · EOSRD · Early-onset severe retinal dystrophy
A genetically diverse group of early retinal disorders; diagnosis should lead to support as well as research options.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorGeneReviews: Nonsyndromic LCA/EOSRD OverviewMedlinePlus Genetics: Leber congenital amaurosis
11 more sources
FDA: LUXTURNAVoretigene neparvovec phase 3 randomized trialDurability of voretigene neparvovec phase 3 results at 3 and 4 yearsGene Editing for CEP290-Associated Retinal DegenerationFoundation Fighting Blindness: LCA and low-vision resourcesGene therapy in children with AIPL1-associated severe retinal dystrophyRetina UK: online information and supportLighthouse Guild: Tele-Support for ParentsNHS — Vision lossNEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsAAPOS — Leber congenital amaurosisLeber hereditary optic neuropathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: LHON · Leber optic atrophy
Inherited optic nerve disease can change central detail and color vision, often affecting the eyes at different times.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNANOS — Leber Hereditary Optic NeuropathyMedlinePlus Genetics — Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
6 more sources
European Medicines Agency — Raxone assessment and authorizationKlopstock et al. — A randomized placebo-controlled trial of idebenone in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathyYu-Wai-Man et al. — Therapeutic benefit of idebenone in patients with LHON: The LEROS nonrandomized controlled trialStenton et al. — Impaired complex I repair causes recessive Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathyNational Eye Institute — Low VisionStanford Neuro-ophthalmology Illustrated — Hereditary optic neuropathiesMacular edema
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Macular oedema · Cystoid macular edema · CME · Postoperative macular edema
Swelling in the central retina has several causes, with different treatment and monitoring needs.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNational Eye Institute — Macular EdemaAmerican Academy of Ophthalmology — What Is Macular Edema?
7 more sources
Baker et al. — DRCR Protocol V randomized clinical trialThorne et al. — POINT TrialWingert et al. — Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for treating cystoid macular edema following cataract surgeryMacular Society — Macular oedema and support pathwaysOcular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation — Patient supportNHS — Vision lossNEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsMacular hole
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Full-thickness macular hole · Lamellar macular hole
A small central retinal opening can distort detail; OCT distinguishes it from similar macular problems.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNational Eye Institute — Macular HoleNHS — Macular hole
6 more sources
Kim et al., AAO — Idiopathic Macular Hole Preferred Practice PatternASRS — Macular HoleCundy et al. — Face-down positioning or posturing after macular hole surgeryCollege of Optometrists — Vitreomacular traction and macular holePasu et al. — PIMS randomized trialMacular Society — Macular hole and supportMacular telangiectasia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: MacTel · Idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis · Perifoveal telangiectasis
MacTel can interrupt reading despite a relatively good eye-chart result; its subtype determines the care pathway.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorASRS — Idiopathic Juxtafoveal TelangiectasisLowy Medical Research Institute — MacTel FAQs
9 more sources
US FDA — ENCELTO approval and product documentsENCELTO prescribing and patient information, DailyMedMacular Telangiectasia Type 2: The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography and Management OptionsHeeren et al. — MacTel Project Report Number 8Chew et al. — Cell-Based Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Therapy for Macular Telangiectasia Type 2He et al. — Clinical characteristics, imaging features, and treatment outcomes of MacTel type 2: comprehensive meta-analysisMacular Society — Macular telangiectasia and support pathwaysLowy Medical Research Institute — Clinical researchNHS — Vision lossMarginal keratitis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Staphylococcal marginal keratitis
Inflammation near the corneal edge is often linked to eyelid disease, but infection must be distinguished.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationMoorfields Eye Hospital — Marginal keratitisColumbia University — Marginal Keratitis
5 more sources
AAO EyeWiki — Marginal KeratitisHassanpour et al. — Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis: A ReviewEast and North Hertfordshire NHS — Marginal Keratitis patient informationYeu et al., ASCRS — Current state and future perspectives in diagnosis of eyelid margin diseaseDry Eye Foundation — You are not aloneMedication-related optic neuropathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: drug-induced optic neuropathy · ethambutol-associated optic neuropathy · linezolid-associated optic neuropathy
Some medicines can affect the optic nerves; new visual symptoms need prompt coordination with the prescriber and eye team.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMerck Manual — Toxic and Nutritional Optic NeuropathiesSaxena et al. — Ethambutol toxicity: expert panel consensus
8 more sources
DailyMed — ZYVOX linezolid prescribing informationGupta et al. — Risk factors for ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy: systematic review and meta-analysisBrandariz-Núñez et al. — Optic neuropathy associated with linezolid: systematic review of casesEthambutol and visual assessment in England: current practice and recommendationsFDA — MedWatch reporting programmeMHRA — Yellow Card reporting siteNational Eye Institute — Low VisionStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathiesMELAS syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes · MELAS-related cerebral vision loss
MELAS can cause stroke-like brain episodes and multisystem symptoms, including visual loss.
Metamorphopsia / wavy vision
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Wavy vision · Distorted lines · Metamorphopsia
Metamorphopsia describes shapes or straight lines appearing distorted. Several macular conditions can produce this symptom.
Methanol toxicity and visual loss
Names, abbreviations & related terms: methanol poisoning · methyl alcohol toxicity
Methanol exposure can cause delayed systemic poisoning and visual injury; suspected exposure needs immediate expert help.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationCDC NIOSH — Methanol: Systemic AgentUK Health Security Agency — Methanol toxicological overview
6 more sources
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia — Methanol poisoningGheshlaghi et al. — Follow-up of Methanol-related Visual Defects in a Cohort StudyVisual and neurologic sequelae of methanol poisoning in Saudi ArabiaRoberts et al. — EXTRIP methanol systematic review and consensus statementNational Capital Poison Center — First aid guidelinesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionMicrobial keratitis / corneal ulcer
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Infectious keratitis · Bacterial keratitis · Fungal keratitis · Acanthamoeba keratitis
A corneal infection needs urgent assessment and treatment matched to the organism, especially in contact-lens wearers.
Microvascular ocular motor cranial nerve palsy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Microvascular cranial nerve palsy · Microvascular ocular motor palsy · Ischemic ocular motor nerve palsy
A cause-based guide to small-vessel injury affecting the nerves that coordinate eye movement.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNANOS: Microvascular Cranial Nerve PalsyNHG Health: Microvascular Cranial Nerve Palsy
5 more sources
Galtrey, Schon and Nitkunan: Microvascular Non-Arteritic Ocular Motor Nerve Palsies—What We Know and How Should We Treat?Tamhankar et al.: Isolated third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies from presumed microvascular versus other causesShew, Wang and Danesh-Meyer: Stroke risk after ocular cranial nerve palsy—A systematic review and meta-analysisAge-Related Risk of Stroke Following Ocular Motor Cranial Nerve PalsyNHS: Double visionMigraine visual aura
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Migraine with aura · Scintillating scotoma · Fortification spectrum · Migraine aura
Visual aura is a reversible neurological symptom of migraine that can include expanding patterned lights and altered or missing visual areas.
Miller Fisher syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: MFS · Miller Fisher variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome
Acute eye-movement weakness, unsteadiness and reduced reflexes can be part of an immune neuropathy.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMiller Fisher syndrome: an updated narrative reviewvan Doorn et al.: EAN/PNS Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of GBS
4 more sources
Mori et al.: Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Miller Fisher syndromeOverell et al.: Treatment for Fisher syndrome, Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis and related disordersFisher syndrome: clinical features, immunopathogenesis and managementNational Library of Medicine MeSH: Miller Fisher syndromeMöbius syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Moebius syndrome · Congenital oculofacial paralysis
Congenital facial weakness and limited outward eye movement can create varied eye-protection and visual needs.
MOG antibody-associated disease
Names, abbreviations & related terms: MOGAD · MOG-associated optic neuritis
Explore MOGAD-related optic neuritis, relapse uncertainty and practical support for children and adults.
Monocular double vision and ghosting
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Monocular diplopia · Monocular polyopia
A second image that remains through one eye often points to that eye’s optics, but still needs examination.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS: Double visionSheth and colleagues: Assessment of diplopia in adults
7 more sources
Stanford Neuro-Ophthalmology: Diplopia basicsTan and Faridah: The Two-Minute Approach to Monocular DiplopiaAlemu and Kumar: Monocular Diplopia: An Optical Correction ModalityMoorfields Eye Hospital: KeratoconusNational Eye Institute: Refractive ErrorsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeMultiple sclerosis-related visual problems
Names, abbreviations & related terms: MS vision problems · multiple sclerosis · MS-related optic neuritis · MS-related eye movement problems
Separate MS-related optic neuritis, double vision and moving vision so support matches the actual problem.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorJohns Hopkins Medicine — Multiple SclerosisMS Trust — Visual problems
10 more sources
Johns Hopkins Medicine — NystagmusMS Trust — Heat sensitivity and Uhthoff’s phenomenonStanford — Internuclear and supranuclear lesionsNICE NG220 — Multiple sclerosis in adults: managementSaidha et al. — OCT and VEP in the 2024 McDonald criteriaBeck et al. — ONTT corticosteroid trialMS International Federation — Our membersNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeMyopic macular degeneration
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Pathologic myopia · Myopic maculopathy · Degenerative myopia
Pathologic myopia can affect the central retina through atrophy, traction or abnormal new vessels.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMacular Society — Myopic macular degenerationMacular Disease Foundation Australia — Myopic macular degeneration
6 more sources
International Myopia Institute — Pathologic Myopia clinical summarySpaide et al. — ICON-PM international nomenclature consensusWolf et al. — RADIANCE randomized studyIkuno et al. — MYRROR studyInternational Myopia Institute — Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025RNIB — practical sight-loss resourcesNeoplastic optic-nerve infiltration
Names, abbreviations & related terms: leukemic optic neuropathy · lymphomatous optic neuropathy · optic nerve infiltration by cancer
When tumor cells involve the optic nerve: urgent investigation, diagnostic uncertainty and coordinated cancer and vision care.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorOptic neuropathy in the context of leukemia or lymphoma: diagnostic approach to a neuro-oncologic emergencyJanetos et al. — Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of cancer
6 more sources
Ahle et al. — Optic Nerve Infiltration in Primary Central Nervous System LymphomaEyeWiki — Leukemic Optic NeuropathyCoombs et al. — Optic Nerve and Optic Nerve Sheath Biopsy Indications and OutcomesLi et al. — Leukemic optic nerve infiltration in pediatric ALL: three cases and reviewNational Eye Institute — Low VisionStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — Disc edema differential and infiltrative optic neuropathyNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Names, abbreviations & related terms: NMOSD · NMO · Devic disease
Understand NMOSD visual attacks, AQP4 testing and the separate goals of attack treatment and prevention.
Neuroretinitis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: optic disc swelling with macular star
Neuroretinitis combines optic-disc swelling with leakage affecting the central retina.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAO EyeWiki — NeuroretinitisKsiaa et al. — Update on Bartonella neuroretinitis
8 more sources
Shi, Danesh-Meyer and Bhatti — Neuroretinitis: a comprehensive review on aetiologies, clinical manifestations, and treatment optionsChoi et al. — Case series of neuroretinitis in KoreaCDC — Clinical Overview of Cat Scratch DiseaseBeyond Neuroretinitis: A Multi-Centre Study of Bartonella-Associated UveitisFairbanks et al. — Treatment Strategies for Neuroretinitis: Current Options and Emerging TherapiesOIUF — Support and virtual meeting calendarNational Eye Institute — Low VisionStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — NeuroretinitisNeurotrophic keratitis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Neurotrophic keratopathy · NK
When corneal nerve damage reduces sensation and makes the eye surface harder to heal.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorFont and Cortina: Neurotrophic keratopathy—update in diagnosis and managementDana and colleagues: Expert consensus on identification, diagnosis and treatment of neurotrophic keratopathy
6 more sources
Pflugfelder and colleagues: Topical recombinant human nerve growth factor—pivotal trialKruoch and colleagues: Medical and surgical interventions for neurotrophic keratopathyJiang, Ashton and Larkin: Neurotrophic keratopathy in childhoodStatPearls: Neurotrophic keratitisDailyMed: Oxervate US prescribing information, revision February 2025NCBI MedGen — Neurotrophic keratopathyNight blindness / dark-adaptation difficulty
Night blindness is difficulty seeing in dim light or adjusting to darkness, with several possible causes.
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: NAION · NA-AION
Understand sudden optic-nerve blood-supply injury, useful tests and the limits of current treatment evidence.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationNANOS — Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyParthasarathi and Moss — Review of evidence for treatments of acute NAION
7 more sources
IONDT Research Group — Optic nerve decompression surgery is not effective and may be harmfulNewman et al. — The fellow eye in NAION: IONDT follow-upNEI — Eye surgery found ineffective and may be harmfulNANOS — Giant Cell ArteritisRNIB — Assistance and advice on living with sight lossNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNonspecific orbital inflammation
Names, abbreviations & related terms: idiopathic orbital inflammation · orbital inflammatory syndrome · orbital pseudotumor · Orbital inflammation and orbital myositis · Orbital myositis
Inflammation in the eye socket can affect comfort, eye movement and sometimes sight.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorHarvard Ophthalmology — Orbital Inflammatory Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Referral GuidelinesAAO EyeWiki — Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation
8 more sources
Mombaerts et al. — Consensus on Diagnostic Criteria of Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation Using a Modified Delphi ApproachUniversity of Iowa — Idiopathic orbital inflammationAl-Ghazzawi et al. — Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Orbital Inflammatory Diseases: Should Steroids Still Be the First Choice?Shao et al. — Guidelines for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of non-specific orbital inflammation (2024)OIUF — SupportEpidemiology of Orbital Inflammatory Disease: An AAO IRIS Registry StudyNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — Nonspecific orbital inflammationNutritional optic neuropathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: deficiency-related optic neuropathy · vitamin B12-related optic neuropathy · copper-deficiency optic neuropathy
Deficiencies can damage optic nerve function, often affecting central detail, color and contrast in both eyes.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMerck Manual — Toxic and Nutritional Optic NeuropathiesRoda et al. — Nutritional Optic Neuropathies: State of the Art and Emerging Evidences
6 more sources
Bhat and Bakaeva — Approach to diagnosis and management of nutritional optic neuropathiesNICE NG239 — Vitamin B12 deficiency in over 16s: diagnosis and managementRapoport and Lavin — Nutritional optic neuropathy caused by copper deficiency after bariatric surgeryNutritional Deficiencies Following Bariatric Surgery: A Rapid Systematic Review of Case Reports Presenting More Than Two Years Post-SurgeryNational Eye Institute — Low VisionStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathiesNystagmus: infantile and acquired
Involuntary rhythmic eye movements have different causes and do not create the same visual experience for everyone.
Occipital lobe seizures
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Visual seizures · Focal visual sensory seizures
Occipital seizures can cause brief visual phenomena, visual loss or changes that spread to other functions.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationILAE EpilepsyDiagnosis — Occipital lobe seizureVisual phenomena and anatomo-electro-clinical correlations in occipital lobe seizures
5 more sources
The Epilepsies — Symptomatic and Probably Symptomatic Focal EpilepsiesVisual Phenomena Associated With Migraine and Their Differential DiagnosisEpilepsy Foundation — Visually sensitive seizures: updated reviewEpilepsy Foundation — Education, seizure action plans and local supportEpilepsy Foundation — Seizure first aid and emergency helpOcular complications of Stevens–Johnson syndrome / TEN
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Stevens-Johnson syndrome · Toxic epidermal necrolysis · SJS · TEN
SJS/TEN can injure the eye surface acutely and leave lasting problems that need specialist follow-up.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS: Stevens–Johnson syndromeMetcalfe and colleagues: Acute and chronic management of ocular SJS/TEN in the USA
5 more sources
Paulmann and colleagues: S3 epidermal-necrolysis guideline—Part2 supportive careOcular involvement in SJS/TEN: current management and changing trendsShanbhag and colleagues: Long-term outcomes of amniotic membrane treatmentPickens and colleagues: Ocular outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation—systematic reviewPapakostas and colleagues: PROSE for ocular surface disease after SJS/TENOcular ischemic syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: chronic ocular hypoperfusion
How reduced blood flow to the eye affects vision, and why eye and vascular assessment belong together.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorEyeWiki — Ocular Ischemic SyndromeÁvila-Figueroa et al. — Ocular ischemic syndrome secondary to carotid artery disease
5 more sources
ESVS 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines on atherosclerotic carotid and vertebral artery diseaseSuhail et al. — Ocular Ischemic Syndrome and the Role of Carotid Artery RevascularizationAl Ibraheem et al. — Neuro-ophthalmic outcomes after carotid intervention for ocular symptomsNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — Ocular ischemic syndromeOcular motor apraxia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Oculomotor apraxia · Congenital ocular motor apraxia
Difficulty initiating a quick eye movement can lead to blinking or a head thrust to shift gaze.
Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid · OMMP · OCP
Autoimmune inflammation can scar the eye’s lining and damage the lids, tear system and cornea.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMoorfields: Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid patient leafletSchmidt and colleagues: European S3 MMP guideline—PartII
6 more sources
Hofmann and colleagues: S2k guideline for diagnosis and treatment of MMPYou and colleagues: Rituximab in treatment of ocular cicatricial pemphigoidBritish Association of Dermatologists: Mucous membrane pemphigoidRashid and colleagues: Assessment of diagnostic strategy for MMPBocanegra-Oyola and colleagues: Clinical characteristics of ocular MMP—systematic review and meta-analysisMoorfields Eye Hospital — Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoidOcular myasthenia gravis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Ocular MG · Myasthenic diplopia
Fluctuating eyelid droop or double vision can result from impaired nerve-to-muscle signaling around the eyes.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorBehbehani: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis: A Current OverviewKupersmith, Wolfe and Kaminski: Ocular myasthenia gravis management
7 more sources
Narayanaswami and colleagues: International Consensus Guidance for Management of Myasthenia Gravis: 2020 UpdateFang, Bokre and Wong: Clinical Characteristics Associated With Secondary Generalization in Patients With Ocular Myasthenia GravisBenatar and colleagues: Efficacy of prednisone for ocular myasthenia: EPITOMEmyaware: Ocular MyastheniaADAPT OCULUS interim results, 2026 late-breaking conference abstractsargenx: ADAPT OCULUS positive topline announcementNANOS: Myasthenia gravis patient infographicOcular neuromyotonia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Episodic ocular motor spasm
Brief episodes of sustained eye-muscle contraction can suddenly pull the eyes out of alignment.
Ocular syphilis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: syphilitic optic neuropathy · syphilitic optic neuritis · syphilitic neuroretinitis
Syphilis can inflame the eye or optic nerve at any stage of infection and needs prompt treatment.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorCDC — Neurosyphilis, Ocular Syphilis, and Otosyphilis: STI Treatment GuidelinesCDC — Syphilis: STI Treatment Guidelines
9 more sources
Nettleton et al. — A Cluster of Ocular Syphilis Cases with a Common Sex Partner — Southwest Michigan, 2022Public Health Agency of Canada — Syphilis guide: Risk factors and clinical manifestationsWu et al. — Prognostic effect of HIV on visual acuity in ocular syphilis: a systematic reviewCDC Laboratory Recommendations for Syphilis Testing, United States, 2024NHS — SyphilisASHA — Understanding Syphilis and How to Prevent ItASHA — Ask the Experts service closureNational Eye Institute — Low VisionCDC — Neurosyphilis, ocular syphilis and otosyphilisOculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: OPMD
Progressive drooping lids and swallowing weakness need coordinated eye and neuromuscular care.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationTrollet et al.: Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy, GeneReviewsMedlinePlus Genetics: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
5 more sources
Alberti et al.: OPMD: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Gene TherapyPrimary bilateral silicone frontalis suspension for good levator function ptosis in OPMDWaito et al.: Preliminary Videofluoroscopic Investigation of Swallowing Physiology and Function in OPMDRecent progress in emerging therapeutics and evaluation of OPMDNHS — Shortness of breath: emergency warning signsOnchocerciasis / river blindness
Names, abbreviations & related terms: River blindness
A blackfly-transmitted parasite can damage skin and eyes; coordinated treatment and local access are essential.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorWHO — OnchocerciasisCDC — About Onchocerciasis
7 more sources
CDC — Clinical Treatment of OnchocerciasisMédecins Sans Frontières — Onchocerciasis clinical guidanceOpoku et al. — Single-dose moxidectin versus ivermectin phase 3 trialEjere et al. — Ivermectin for onchocercal eye diseaseThe Carter Center — River Blindness Elimination ProgramSightsavers — Neglected tropical disease strategy 2026–2030NHS — Vision lossOne-and-a-half syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Pontine horizontal gaze palsy with INO
A specific brainstem pattern combines difficulty looking to one side with impaired coordination in the other direction.
Opsoclonus and ocular flutter
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Opsoclonus · Ocular flutter · Saccadic oscillations
Bursts of rapid eye movements can disrupt fixation; associated neurological symptoms need careful assessment.
Optic disc drusen
Names, abbreviations & related terms: ODD · optic nerve head drusen
Understand a frequently silent optic-nerve finding, its imaging and why it differs from pressure-related swelling.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationNANOS — Optic Disc DrusenMalmqvist et al. — ODDS Consortium OCT recommendations
5 more sources
Estrela et al. — Rates of Visual Field Change in Eyes With Optic Disc DrusenYan and Liao — Updates on ophthalmic imaging features of optic disc drusen, papilledema and optic disc edemaAAPOS — Optic Nerve DrusenNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionOptic nerve hypoplasia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: ONH · underdevelopment of the optic nerve
Understand underdeveloped optic nerves, variable childhood vision and the importance of endocrine and learning support.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationAAPOS — Optic Nerve HypoplasiaPediatric Endocrine Society — ONH/Hypopituitarism
7 more sources
Brain malformations do not predict hypopituitarism in young children with ONHMurray et al. — Pituitary deficiencies related to ONH and visual acuityIncidence and associated endocrine and neurologic abnormalities of ONHAPH ConnectCenter — Optic Nerve HypoplasiaNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeOptic nerve sheath meningioma
Names, abbreviations & related terms: ONSM
A tumor around an optic nerve can gradually affect detail, color and fields, often in one eye.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorEyeWiki — Optic Nerve Sheath MeningiomaOptic Nerve Sheath Meningiomas: A Narrative Review of Clinical Features, Imaging Advances, and Current Management
7 more sources
Tang et al. — The treatment efficacy of radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningiomaStereotactic radiosurgery for optic nerve sheath meningiomas: systematic review/meta-analysisTien et al. — ONSM retrospective cohort comparing treated versus observed patientsNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeAAO EyeWiki — Optic nerve sheath meningiomaOptic neuritis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: inflammatory optic neuropathy
Understand optic-nerve inflammation, changes in color and contrast, and why finding the cause matters.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNANOS — Optic NeuritisBennett — Optic Neuritis
7 more sources
Beck and the Optic Neuritis Study Group — A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritisOptic Neuritis Study Group — Multiple Sclerosis Risk after Optic Neuritis: Final ONTT Follow-UpEuropean Academy of Neurology scientific panel summary of Petzold et al., Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritisConsensus statement for the diagnosis and management of optic neuritisMedlinePlus — Optic neuritisNational Eye Institute — Low VisionSRNA — Optic NeuritisOptic pathway glioma
Names, abbreviations & related terms: optic nerve glioma · chiasmatic glioma · OPG
An optic pathway tumor can affect visual development and function; measured vision matters alongside MRI findings.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorERN GENTURIS — Tumour surveillance guidelines for individuals with NF1Pediatric Optic Pathway Gliomas: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes
6 more sources
Fisher et al. — Visual outcomes in NF1-associated OPG following chemotherapyFangusaro et al. — Phase II selumetinib trial in recurrent optic/hypothalamic low-grade glioma without NF1Optic Pathway Gliomas in NF1: surveillance, treatment indications and biomarkers of visionUpdate on pediatric cancer surveillance recommendations for NF1 and related RASopathiesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — Optic nerve gliomaOptic perineuritis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: OPN · optic nerve sheath inflammation
Inflammation around the optic nerve can cause pain and variable visual change, and its underlying cause matters.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorEyeWiki — Optic PerineuritisOptic perineuritis — BMJ Open Ophthalmology review
5 more sources
Purvin, Kawasaki and Jacobson — Optic perineuritis: clinical and radiographic featuresAntibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in optic perineuritisOptic perineuritis: A Canadian case series and literature reviewNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — Optic perineuritisOrbital apex syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Jacod syndrome
Orbital apex syndrome combines optic-nerve dysfunction with problems in nearby eye-movement nerves.
Orbital cellulitis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Postseptal cellulitis
Infection deep around the eye is an emergency, distinct from swelling confined to the eyelid.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationAAPOS — CellulitisCollege of Optometrists — Cellulitis, preseptal and orbital
7 more sources
Canadian Paediatric Society — Preseptal and orbital cellulitis in otherwise healthy children and youthStatPearls — Orbital CellulitisKornelsen et al. — Corticosteroids for periorbital and orbital cellulitisGonsalves et al. — Systemic corticosteroids and outcomes in children with severe orbital infectionsAdjunctive systemic corticosteroids in pediatric orbital cellulitis: systematic review and meta-analysisCHOP — Preseptal or Orbital Cellulitis Clinical PathwayRNIB — practical sight-loss resourcesOscillopsia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Jumping vision · Bouncing vision · Unstable visual world
The surroundings can appear to move, bounce or shake when visual stabilization is disturbed. Causes include intrusive eye movements and impaired stabilization during head movement.
Palinopsia and visual perseveration
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Afterimages · Visual trailing · Visual perseveration · Palinopsia and afterimages · Palinopsia
Images can persist or recur after their original stimulus is gone. Trailing and formed recurrent images are different reported manifestations.
Papilledema
Names, abbreviations & related terms: papilloedema
Learn why papilledema is a clinical sign, how it differs from other disc swelling and why its cause matters.
Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PON · CRMP5-associated optic neuropathy
A rare immune effect of cancer can involve the optic nerve, sometimes before the cancer is discovered.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorParaneoplastic vision lossParaneoplastic ocular syndromes: systematic review of epidemiology, diagnosis and outcomes
6 more sources
Yan et al. — CRMP5-associated optic neuropathy: clinical characteristics, radiologic clues and outcomesGraus et al. — Updated Diagnostic Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurologic SyndromesThemoteo et al. — Anti-CRMP5 optic neuritis clinical features, imaging and outcomes systematic reviewEyeWiki — Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Paraneoplastic SyndromesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — Paraneoplastic syndromesPeduncular hallucinosis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Brainstem-associated visual hallucinosis · Thalamic visual hallucinosis
Peduncular hallucinosis describes vivid visual hallucinations associated with certain brain lesions.
Persistent aura without infarction
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Persistent migraine aura
Persistent aura is a rare migraine complication requiring clinical assessment and exclusion of infarction.
Persistent fetal vasculature
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PFV · Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous · PHPV
PFV is persistent developmental tissue and vessels that can affect eye structure and visual development.
Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PPPD · Visual vertigo · Space-motion discomfort
PPPD involves persistent dizziness or unsteadiness worsened by posture, motion or busy visual scenes.
Photophobia and light sensitivity
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Light sensitivity · Light-induced discomfort
Light sensitivity can involve pain, discomfort or increased headache, with several possible causes.
Pituitary apoplexy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: hemorrhage or infarction of a pituitary tumor
Bleeding or infarction in the pituitary region can suddenly affect vision, eye movement and essential hormones.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationSociety for Endocrinology — Emergency management of pituitary apoplexy in adult patientsNANOS — Pituitary Tumor brochure, apoplexy section
5 more sources
A Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study of Surgical vs Nonsurgical Management for Pituitary ApoplexyThe role of intervention timing and treatment modality in visual recovery following pituitary apoplexy: systematic review/meta-analysisPituitary Foundation — Pituitary ApoplexyNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNANOS — Pituitary tumorPituitary tumors and optic-chiasm compression
Names, abbreviations & related terms: pituitary adenoma · pituitary macroadenoma · chiasmal compression
Some pituitary tumors press on nearby visual pathways; others affect hormones without changing vision.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNANOS — Pituitary Tumor patient brochureNeuro-ophthalmic evaluation and management of pituitary disease
6 more sources
NIDDK — ProlactinomaPituitary Society — Pituitary incidentaloma international consensus guidelineVisual outcomes after endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma resection: systematic review/meta-analysisPituitary Foundation — Pituitary tumours and eyesightNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNANOS — Pituitary tumorPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PCV
PCV is a particular abnormal-vessel pattern beneath the retina that can leak or bleed and affect central detail.
Posterior capsule opacification
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PCO · Posterior capsular opacification · After-cataract
Clouding of the remaining lens capsule can cause renewed blur or glare after cataract surgery.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorUniversity Hospitals Plymouth: YAG capsulotomyRNIB: Posterior capsule opacification
7 more sources
EyeWiki: Posterior capsule opacificationFrench YAG2: incidence of retinal detachment, macular edema and ocular hypertension after Nd:YAGLiu et al.: Nd:YAG capsulotomy and retinal-detachment risk: systematic review/meta-analysisMaedel et al.: IOL optic edge design for prevention of PCONEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionMoorfields — Posterior capsule opacification patient leafletPosterior cortical atrophy (PCA)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Visual variant of Alzheimer disease · Posterior cortical syndrome
PCA is a progressive brain syndrome that often affects visual and spatial abilities early.
Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PION · perioperative posterior ischemic optic neuropathy
An ischemic injury behind the optic disc can cause major sight loss even when the disc initially looks normal.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorEyeWiki — Posterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyASA/NANOS/SNACC — Practice Advisory for Perioperative Visual Loss Associated with Spine Surgery
5 more sources
Wang et al. — Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Perioperative risk factorsPostoperative Visual Loss Study Group — Risk factors associated with ION after spinal fusion surgeryAPSF — Postoperative Visual LossNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — Posterior ischemic optic neuropathyPosterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PRES · Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome
PRES is an acute brain syndrome that can affect vision, awareness and seizures.
Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PVD · Vitreous detachment · Posterior vitreous detachment
PVD occurs when the vitreous gel separates from the retina. Floaters and peripheral flashes can accompany this change.
Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: POHS · Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome · OHS
Retinal scars may be silent; abnormal new vessels near a scar are a separate cause of central visual change.
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: PSP · Steele–Richardson–Olszewski syndrome
Slow or restricted gaze shifts, eyelid problems and balance changes can make everyday seeing difficult.
Prosopagnosia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Face blindness · Developmental prosopagnosia · Acquired prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia makes recognizing identity from faces difficult; the face need not look blurred.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — Disorders of Higher Cortical FunctionThe Visual Agnosias and Related Disorders
8 more sources
The neuropsychological rehabilitation of visual agnosia and Balint’s syndromeBarton — Higher Cortical Visual DeficitsRehabilitation and intervention of developmental and acquired prosopagnosia: A systematic reviewRNIB — Stroke-related eye conditionsHeadway — Brain injury information and supportNHS — Prosopagnosia (face blindness)Face Blind UK — Members and meetingsFace Blind UK — Individual enquiries and membershipPterygium
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Surfer’s eye
A growth from the conjunctiva onto the cornea can irritate the eye or change its focusing shape.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorGuy’s and St Thomas’: Pterygium overviewGurnani and Tripathy: Pterygium, StatPearls
5 more sources
Clearfield et al.: Conjunctival autograft for pterygiumPrajna et al.: Autograft versus amniotic membrane after double-pterygium excisionAtighehchian et al.: Understanding Pterygium Surgery OutcomesWhat is truly evidence-based in pterygium? An umbrella reviewNational Eye Institute — Other corneal diseases: pterygiumPtosis: drooping upper eyelid
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Blepharoptosis · Droopy eyelid
A low upper eyelid may obstruct viewing, but its cause and visual effect vary.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationAAPOS: PtosisLatting et al.: Clinical Evaluation of Blepharoptosis: Distinguishing Age-Related Ptosis from Masquerade Conditions
7 more sources
A review of acquired blepharoptosis: prevalence, diagnosis and current treatment optionsA Review of Surgical Management of Progressive Myogenic PtosisSlonim et al.: Oxymetazoline solution and visual field in acquired ptosis: pooled analysis of two randomized trialsNANOS — AnisocoriaNHS — Double vision: urgent and immediate actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeNHS — Shortness of breath: emergency warning signsPure alexia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Alexia without agraphia · Letter-by-letter reading disorder
Pure alexia can impair reading while spoken language and writing remain relatively preserved.
Radiation-induced optic neuropathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: radiation optic neuropathy · RION · RON
Delayed optic-pathway injury after radiotherapy: evaluation, treatment uncertainty and support for lasting vision changes.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorUniversity of Iowa EyeRounds — Radiation Optic NeuropathyRadiation Optic Neuropathy: Management Options
5 more sources
Wang et al. — Clinical characteristics of radiation-induced optic neuropathyAlAmeer et al. — Outcomes of systemic bevacizumab in radiation-induced optic neuropathyTreatment and prophylaxis of radiation optic neuropathy: systematic review and meta-analysisNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — Radiation optic neuropathyRecurrent corneal erosion
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Recurrent epithelial erosion · RCE
Repeated breakdown of the corneal surface can cause sudden pain, watering, light sensitivity and blur.
Refractive errors
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Myopia · Nearsightedness · Hyperopia · Farsightedness · Astigmatism · Presbyopia
Different focusing problems can blur distance or near detail; an eye examination identifies the right correction.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNational Eye Institute: Refractive errorsLawrenson et al.: Interventions for myopia control in children: living systematic review and network meta-analysis
7 more sources
Bao et al.: Spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets for myopia control versus single-vision lensesPROSPER II: randomized near-glasses productivity trial in Indian garment workersWHO: SPECS2030NHS: Visiting an opticianNEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeRenal coloboma syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: papillorenal syndrome · PAX2-associated renal-coloboma syndrome · optic nerve coloboma renal syndrome
PAX2-related disease can combine kidney abnormalities with variable optic nerve development and vision.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationBower, Schimmenti and Eccles — PAX2-Related Disorder, GeneReviewsMedlinePlus Genetics — Renal coloboma syndrome
7 more sources
Kim et al. — Genotype of PAX2-related disorders correlates with kidney and ocular manifestationsBower et al. — Update of PAX2 mutations in renal coloboma syndrome and establishment of a locus-specific databaseNational Eye Institute — ColobomaNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNHS — Detached retina (retinal detachment)NEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionRetained lens fragments after cataract surgery
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Retained lens material
Remaining natural-lens material can cause inflammation, pressure problems and blurred vision after surgery.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAmerican Society of Retina Specialists: Retained lens fragmentsVenkateswaran, Medina-Mendez and Amescua: Perioperative management of dropped lenses
7 more sources
Salabati and colleagues: Indications for surgical management of retained lens fragmentsRohowetz and colleagues: Vitrectomy for retained fragments—outcomes by timingLim and colleagues: Time to pars plana vitrectomy—systematic review and meta-analysisNHS: Cataract surgeryRothman and colleagues: Intraocular pressure after cataract surgery with retained fragments—IRIS RegistryMcCarthy and colleagues: Vitrectomy for retained lens fragments—IRIS Registry outcomesNEI — Retinal detachment: emergency warning signsRetinal artery occlusion
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CRAO · BRAO · central retinal artery occlusion · branch retinal artery occlusion · retinal arterial ischemia · RAO · Eye stroke
Why a sudden retinal artery blockage needs emergency stroke assessment, and what recovery evidence actually shows.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationAAO — Retinal and Ophthalmic Artery Occlusions Preferred Practice PatternASRS — Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
6 more sources
AAO — What Is a Retinal Artery Occlusion?AHA — Management of Central Retinal Artery OcclusionTHEIA — Intravenous alteplase versus oral aspirin for acute central retinal artery occlusionRyan et al. — A Randomized Trial of Tenecteplase in Acute Central Retinal Artery OcclusionNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAmerican Society of Retina Specialists — Central retinal artery occlusionRetinal tears and retinal detachment
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Retinal break · Detached retina · Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment · Tractional retinal detachment · Exudative retinal detachment
New flashes, a sudden shower of floaters or a curtain can signal a retinal emergency, even without pain.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNEI — Retinal DetachmentASRS — Retinal Tears
8 more sources
NHS — Detached retinaKim et al., AAO — PVD, Retinal Breaks and Lattice Degeneration Preferred Practice PatternHillier et al. — PIVOT randomized trialZnaor et al. — Vitrectomy versus scleral buckling for simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachmentA review of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: past, present and futureRNIB/RCOphth — Understanding Retinal DetachmentRNIB — community and practical supportNHS — Vision lossRetinal vasculitis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Retinal vascular inflammation · Retinal periphlebitis
Understand retinal blood-vessel inflammation, its different causes, imaging, treatment questions and support.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorHossain and Datoo O’Keefe — Diagnosis and Management of Retinal VasculitisAgarwal et al. — A Comprehensive Update on Retinal Vasculitis: Etiologies, Manifestations and Treatments
9 more sources
Rivera, Gupta and Kombo — Treatment of non-infectious retinal vasculitisIUSG ReViSe Report 4 — Clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies in the treatment of noninfectious retinal vasculitisNational Eye Institute — UveitisVasculitis UK — Vasculitis and the EyesVasculitis UK — Find a Local Vasculitis Support GroupOcular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation — SupportNational Eye Institute — Low VisionNational Eye Institute — Vision RehabilitationNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionRetinal vein occlusion
Names, abbreviations & related terms: RVO · CRVO · BRVO · Central retinal vein occlusion · Branch retinal vein occlusion
A blocked retinal vein can cause swelling and poor circulation; follow-up checks both vision and later complications.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorASRS — Central Retinal Vein OcclusionASRS — Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
7 more sources
Kovach et al., AAO — Retinal Vein Occlusions Preferred Practice PatternNicholson et al., RCOphth — RVO guideline executive summaryScott et al. — SCORE2 randomized clinical trialTadayoni et al. — BALATON and COMINO 24-week resultsMacular Society — Retinal vein occlusionRNIB — practical supportNHS — Vision lossRetinitis pigmentosa (RP)
Names, abbreviations & related terms: RP · Rod-cone dystrophy · Retinitis pigmentosa
RP is a genetically diverse group of inherited retinal diseases. Dim-light and peripheral visual difficulties are common, with substantial variation between people.
Retinoblastoma
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Childhood retinal cancer
Retinoblastoma is a childhood retinal cancer requiring prompt specialist care.
Retinopathy of prematurity
Names, abbreviations & related terms: ROP
ROP affects developing retinal vessels in premature infants and can be silent during the screening period.
Sagging eye syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: SES · Age-related connective-tissue strabismus
Age-related changes in the supports around eye muscles can cause horizontal or vertical double vision.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNHS: Double visionAAO EyeWiki: Sagging Eye Syndrome
4 more sources
Chaudhuri and Demer: Sagging Eye Syndrome: Connective Tissue Involution as a Cause of Horizontal and Vertical Strabismus in Older PatientsChaudhuri and Demer: Long-term Surgical Outcomes in the Sagging Eye SyndromeGoseki and colleagues: Prevalence of Sagging Eye Syndrome in Adults with Binocular DiplopiaNunziata and colleagues: Recurrence of Hypertropia in Sagging Eye SyndromeSarcoidosis and neuro-ophthalmic involvement
Names, abbreviations & related terms: sarcoid optic neuropathy · sarcoid optic neuritis · neurosarcoidosis-related visual problems
Sarcoidosis can affect the optic nerves, their coverings and other parts of the visual system.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorSarcoidosisUK — NeurosarcoidosisKidd et al. — Optic neuropathy associated with systemic sarcoidosis
8 more sources
Stern et al. — Definition and Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for NeurosarcoidosisBradshaw et al. — Neurosarcoidosis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and TreatmentSarcoidosisUK — Sarcoidosis of the EyeConsensus Recommendations for the Management of Neurosarcoidosis: A Delphi Survey of Experts Across the United StatesFoundation for Sarcoidosis Research — patient support and resourcesSarcoidosisUK — support, helpline and community routesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — Sarcoid optic neuritisScleritis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Anterior scleritis · Posterior scleritis
Inflammation in the white coat of the eye can cause deep pain and sometimes threaten vision.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMoorfields Eye Hospital: uveitis page, separate scleritis sectionCollege of Optometrists: Scleritis, version12
6 more sources
Abdel-Aty and colleagues: Management of noninfectious scleritisSuhler and colleagues: Rituximab therapy for refractory scleritisGangaputra and colleagues: Methotrexate for ocular inflammatory diseasesLavric and colleagues: Posterior scleritis—cohort of 114 patientsGreenbaum and Castiblanco: Update on scleritis diagnosis and managementMoorfields Eye Hospital: EpiscleritisSepto-optic dysplasia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: SOD · septo-optic-pituitary dysplasia · de Morsier syndrome
This developmental spectrum can involve optic nerves, brain structures and pituitary hormones in different combinations.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationMedlinePlus Genetics — Septo-optic dysplasiaWebb and Dattani — Septo-optic dysplasia
7 more sources
Pediatric Endocrine Society — Optic Nerve Hypoplasia/HypopituitarismCerbone et al. — Endocrine morbidity in midline brain defectsReis et al. — Novel Genetic Diagnoses in Septo-Optic DysplasiaUniversity of Iowa EyeRounds — Septo-optic dysplasiaNational Eye Institute — Low VisionBSPED — Emergency management of adrenal insufficiency in childrenNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionSickle-cell retinopathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Proliferative sickle-cell retinopathy
Sickle-cell retinal changes can be silent before fragile new vessels, bleeding or traction affect vision.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorASRS — Sickle Cell RetinopathyUpdate and review of current medical and surgical management of sickle-cell retinopathy
8 more sources
Myint et al. — Laser therapy for retinopathy in sickle-cell diseaseBrandsen et al. — Natural history and progression, 11-year follow-upPredictive Factors for Progression in Sickle Cell Retinopathy: United States cohortNASCC — Adult Sickle Cell Disease Care RecommendationsOCT angiography in sickle-cell related eye disease: systematic review and meta-analysisSickle Cell Society — Support Groups and Local ServicesSCDAA — Member FinderNHS — Vision lossSimultanagnosia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Simultagnosia · Difficulty perceiving a whole scene
A person may recognize individual details while struggling to perceive a whole visual scene.
Sixth cranial nerve palsy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CN VI palsy · Abducens nerve palsy · CN6 · CNVI · Sixth nerve palsy
How weakness of outward eye movement can cause side-by-side double vision that changes with gaze and distance.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAPOS: Sixth Nerve PalsyYork and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals: Sixth Nerve Palsy, PIL 1267 v1.3
4 more sources
Patel et al.: Incidence, associations, and evaluation of sixth nerve palsy using a population-based methodTamhankar et al.: Isolated third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies from presumed microvascular versus other causesCochrane: Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injuryNHS: Double visionSkew deviation and ocular tilt reaction
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Ocular tilt reaction · OTR
A disturbance of gravity-sensing eye-control pathways can make the eyes vertically misaligned.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology: Skew, Tilt, Whipple and Ocular NeuromyotoniaWong, Colpa and Chandrakumar: Ability of an upright-supine test to differentiate skew deviation from other vertical strabismus causes
4 more sources
Lemos and colleagues: Differentiating Acute and Subacute Vertical Strabismus Using Different Head Positions During the Upright-Supine TestWalter and Trobe: The Clinical and Imaging Profile of Skew Deviation: A Study of 157 CasesDagi and colleagues: Adult Strabismus Preferred Practice PatternBritish and Irish Orthoptic Society: Stroke or brain injurySolar retinopathy and light-induced retinal injury
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Eclipse retinopathy · Solar maculopathy · Photic retinopathy
Intense light can damage central retinal cells, leaving blur, distortion or a small blind spot.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorASRS — Solar retinopathy: eclipse safetyAAPOS — Solar Retinopathy
8 more sources
Western Australia Department of Health — Solar retinopathyJourieh — Solar retinopathy: A literature reviewAbdellah et al. — Solar maculopathy: prognosis over one year follow upGregory-Roberts et al. — Solar retinopathy in childrenNASA — Eclipse safetyAmerican Astronomical Society — Suppliers of Safe Solar Viewers & FiltersMacular Society — support and servicesNHS — Vision lossSorsby fundus dystrophy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Sorsby macular dystrophy · SFD
An inherited TIMP3-related retinal disorder can affect dark adaptation and central vision.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorMacular Society — Sorsby fundus dystrophyBaston et al. — Visual Outcome after Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy for Macular Neovascularisation Secondary to Sorsby’s Fundus Dystrophy
7 more sources
Review: Mechanisms of TIMP-3 accumulation and pathogenesis in Sorsby fundus dystrophySorsby fundus dystrophy: A narrative reviewGliem et al. — Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy: Novel Mutations, Novel Phenotypic Characteristics, and Treatment OutcomesMacular Society — support servicesRetina UK — Online information and supportNHS — Vision lossMacular Society — Sorsby’s Fundus Dystrophy GroupStargardt disease
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Stargardt macular dystrophy · STGD
An inherited retinal disorder often affects central detail, reading and adaptation to changing light.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNational Eye Institute — Stargardt DiseaseAAO — What Is Stargardt Disease?
9 more sources
Macular Society — Stargardt diseaseStargardt’s Disease: Molecular Pathogenesis and Current Therapeutic LandscapeProgression of Stargardt Disease as Determined by Fundus Autofluorescence Over a 12-Month Period: ProgStar Report No. 11Kay et al. — Safety and Effects of Gildeuretinol Acetate on Retinal Atrophic Lesions in Stargardt Disease: TEASE-1Retina UK — Online information and supportNational Eye Institute — Retinal detachmentNHS — Vision lossBelite Bio — August 12, 2026 corporate update filed with the US SECFoundation Fighting Blindness — FDA accepts application for potential Stargardt treatmentStrabismus and eye misalignment
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Squint · Esotropia · Exotropia · Hypertropia
Strabismus is eye misalignment; its visual effect differs between children and adults.
Superior oblique myokymia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: SOM
Tiny rapid twisting or vertical movements of one eye can make vision briefly shimmer, jump or double.
Superior orbital fissure syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: SOFS
This anatomical syndrome affects eye movement, eyelid or pupil control and forehead sensation.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAO EyeWiki — Orbital Apex Syndrome, differential with superior orbital fissure syndromeOrbital apex disorders: Imaging findings and management
5 more sources
Bui et al. — A Posttraumatic Dilated, Proptotic Eye Does Not Always Need a Lateral Canthotomy! A Review of Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome for Emergency PhysiciansChen and Chen — Traumatic Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome: Current ManagementDhandai et al. — Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome Following Craniofacial Trauma: A Systematic Review of Reported CasesRai and Rattan — Traumatic superior orbital fissure syndrome: Review of literature and report of three casesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionSusac syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy · Susac disease
Susac syndrome can affect small vessels in the retina, brain and inner ear.
Third cranial nerve palsy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: CN III palsy · Oculomotor nerve palsy · CN3 · CNIII · Third nerve palsy
How third nerve weakness changes eye movement, eyelid position and sometimes the pupil.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorAAPOS: Third Nerve PalsyNANOS: Microvascular Cranial Nerve Palsy
5 more sources
Patel RD and Burdon MA: Isolated third cranial nerve palsies—modern management principlesFang et al.: Incidence and Etiologies of Acquired Third Nerve Palsy Using a Population-Based MethodTamhankar et al.: Isolated third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies from presumed microvascular versus other causesNHS: Double visionMoorfields Eye Hospital: Orthoptic departmentThyroid eye disease
Names, abbreviations & related terms: TED · Graves orbitopathy · thyroid-associated orbitopathy · Graves eye disease
Separate surface discomfort, double vision and threatened optic-nerve function, with current evidence and dedicated support.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNANOS — Thyroid Eye DiseaseNational Eye Institute — Graves’ Eye Disease
6 more sources
ATA/ETA — Management of thyroid eye disease: consensus statementDailyMed — TEPEZZA prescribing informationDailyMed — LUMVOA prescribing informationFDA — Lumvoa BLA 761530 approval package/letterEfficacy and safety of teprotumumab in long-duration, low-activity TEDNational Eye Institute — Low VisionTolosa–Hunt syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: THS
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome is a rare inflammatory cause of orbital pain and eye-movement nerve weakness.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorInternational Headache Society — ICHD-3: 13.8 Tolosa-Hunt syndromeTolosa–Hunt Syndrome: A Review of Diagnostic Criteria and Unresolved Issues
5 more sources
Danish health portal — Tolosa-Hunt syndrome patient informationTolosa-Hunt syndrome: a review of diagnostic criteria based on a case seriesStatPearls — Tolosa-Hunt SyndromePondé da Luz and Silva — Relapse in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: pooled recurrence rates and associated factors from a meta-analysis of 456 casesNational Eye Institute — Low VisionTopographical disorientation
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Topographagnosia · Landmark-recognition difficulty · Developmental topographical disorientation
Navigation problems can involve landmarks, routes or mental maps, even when objects remain visible.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationStanford Neuro-Ophthalmology — Disorders of Higher Cortical FunctionThe Visual Agnosias and Related Disorders
5 more sources
The neuropsychological rehabilitation of visual agnosia and Balint’s syndromeBarton — Higher Cortical Visual DeficitsAlways Getting Lost: Defining Developmental Topographical Disorientation — A Systematic Literature ReviewRNIB — Stroke-related eye conditionsHeadway — Brain injury information and supportTrachoma
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Trachomatous trichiasis
Repeated infection can scar the eyelid and cornea; prevention, infection control and eyelid care have different roles.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorWHO — Trachoma fact sheetWHO — Trachoma questions and answers
7 more sources
Evans et al. — Antibiotics for trachomaHabtamu et al. — Posterior lamellar versus bilamellar tarsal rotation surgery for trachomatous trichiasisGower et al. — Maximizing trichiasis surgery success randomized trialCarter Center — Trachoma Control ProgramSightsavers — sight, disease prevention and disability inclusionICEH — Trachomatous Trichiasis: Disease and ManagementNHS — Vision lossTransient vision loss
Names, abbreviations & related terms: temporary visual loss · transient monocular vision loss · amaurosis fugax
Temporary loss still needs an explanation: describe the episode, recognize urgent changes and understand the different causes.
Traumatic optic neuropathy
Names, abbreviations & related terms: direct optic nerve injury · indirect optic nerve injury
Optic-nerve injury after trauma: urgent assessment, treatment controversies and practical vision support.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorEyeWiki — Traumatic Optic NeuropathyEyeWiki — Pre-Ophthalmologist Management of Eye Trauma
7 more sources
Traumatic optic neuropathy management: a systematic reviewWladis et al. — AAO Report: Interventions for Indirect Traumatic Optic NeuropathyCRASH collaborators — Final six-month results of intravenous corticosteroid head-injury trialLevin et al. — International Optic Nerve Trauma StudyRole of Surgery Versus Medical Treatment for Traumatic Optic Nerve CompressionNational Eye Institute — Low VisionAAO EyeWiki — Traumatic optic neuropathyUsher syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Usher type 1 · Usher type 2 · Usher type 3
Usher syndrome combines inherited hearing loss with retinal degeneration, and sometimes balance difficulties.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorGeneReviews — Usher Syndrome Type IGeneReviews — Usher Syndrome Type II
10 more sources
AAO — What Is Usher Syndrome?Natural History of Microperimetry and OCT in USH2A-RetinopathyRomo-Aguas et al. — Detailed Clinical, Ophthalmic, and Genetic Characterization of MYO7A-Associated Usher SyndromeUsher Syndrome Coalition — About the CoalitionDeafblind UK — support and informationSense — Usher syndromeNatural history of retinitis pigmentosa based on genotype, vitamin A/E supplementation, and an electroretinogram biomarkerNHS — Vision lossNEI — Retinal detachment warning signsNational Eye Institute — Usher syndromeUveal melanoma
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Intraocular melanoma · Choroidal melanoma
A cancer arising inside the eye can be found without symptoms or cause different visual changes.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNCI — Intraocular Melanoma Treatment, patient versionASRS — Intraocular Uveal Melanoma
9 more sources
NCI — Intraocular Melanoma Treatment, professional PDQFDA — Drug Trials Snapshot: KIMMTRAKFDA — Melphalan liver-directed treatment for uveal melanomaHassel et al. — Three-Year Overall Survival with Tebentafusp in Metastatic Uveal MelanomaMRF — Connect with others: ocular melanoma supportOcular Melanoma Foundation — Patient Assistance and ResourcesNEI — Retinal detachmentNHS — Vision lossPiperno-Neumann et al. — Five-year survival with tebentafusp in metastatic uveal melanomaUveitis and related ocular inflammation
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Iritis · Anterior uveitis · Intermediate uveitis · Posterior uveitis · Panuveitis
Inflammation inside the eye has several locations and causes, so treatment and visual effects differ.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNEI — UveitisNHS — Uveitis
7 more sources
Jaffe et al. — Adalimumab in Patients with Active Noninfectious UveitisRathinam et al. — Mycophenolate versus Methotrexate: FAST trialMUST trial group — Implant versus systemic therapy at seven yearsOIUF — patient supportRNIB — UveitisAgarwal et al. — A Comprehensive Update on Retinal VasculitisADVISE Trial Research Group — Adalimumab versus Conventional Immunosuppression for UveitisVestibular migraine
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Migraine-associated vertigo · Visually induced vertigo associated with migraine
Vestibular migraine can cause recurrent vertigo or motion-related dizziness with migraine features.
Visual allesthesia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Visual allochiria · Transposed visual perception
Visual allesthesia is a rare misplacement of a visual percept into another part of space.
Visual changes in Lewy body dementia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Dementia with Lewy bodies visual symptoms · Lewy body visual hallucinations · DLB visual perception
Lewy body dementia can affect visual perception, spatial tasks and hallucinations alongside attention and movement.
Read the visual guideExplore the visual explanationNHS — Dementia with Lewy bodies: symptomsMcKeith et al. — Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies
8 more sources
Visual dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodiesO’Brien et al. — Visual hallucinations in neurological and ophthalmological diseaseNIA — Lewy body dementiaLBDA — Education and SupportNHS — Vision loss: immediate and urgent actionNHS — Symptoms of a strokeNHS — Sudden confusion (delirium)NINDS — Lewy body dementiaVisual neglect and spatial inattention
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Hemispatial neglect · Visual inattention · Unilateral spatial neglect
Neglect affects attention to space or objects; it is different from losing the same part of the visual field.
Visual object agnosia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Object-recognition difficulty · Apperceptive or associative visual agnosia
Visual object agnosia affects recognizing what is seen, beyond ordinary blur or a naming problem.
Visual presentation of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Heidenhain presentation · Heidenhain variant of CJD · Visual-led prion disease
Rarely, CJD begins with progressive visual symptoms before broader neurological change.
Visual problems after concussion
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Post-concussion visual symptoms · Vision after mild traumatic brain injury · mTBI visual symptoms
Concussion can affect focusing, eye coordination, reading and comfort with light or motion.
Visual snow syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: VSS · Persistent visual static · Visual snow
Persistent fine visual static can occur across the visual field, with additional symptoms such as afterimages or light sensitivity in the syndrome.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorCleveland Clinic — Visual snow syndromePuledda et al. — Visual snow syndrome: a clinical and phenotypical description (2020)
4 more sources
International Headache Society. ICHD-3, A1.4.6 Visual snow.Wong et al. Visual Snow Syndrome Improves With Modulation of Resting-State Functional MRI Connectivity After Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: An Open-Label Feasibility Study. J Neuro-Ophthalmology (2024 issue).Visual Snow Initiative. VSS patient guide.Visual Snow Europe. Symptoms of VSS.Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Xerophthalmia · Nutritional night blindness · Keratomalacia
Vitamin A deficiency can impair dim-light vision and damage the eye surface; the cause and stage matter.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorNIH ODS — Vitamin A and Carotenoids: Health Professional Fact SheetWHO — Vitamin A deficiency
5 more sources
MSF Medical Guidelines — XerophthalmiaImdad et al. — Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in childrenRethinking Vitamin A Deficiency: Causes, Ophthalmologic Presentation, and Management GapsKarakosta et al. — Reduced macular pigment in vitamin A deficiency retinopathyHelen Keller Intl — Combatting Vitamin A DeficienciesVitreomacular traction
Names, abbreviations & related terms: VMT · Vitreomacular traction syndrome
Persistent attachment of the vitreous can pull on the macula and distort central detail.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorASRS — Vitreomacular Traction SyndromeAAO — Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane and Vitreomacular Traction Preferred Practice Pattern
10 more sources
Garg et al. — Predictive Factors of Spontaneous Release of Vitreomacular TractionChan et al. — Pneumatic Vitreolysis: DRCR Protocols AG and AHStalmans et al. — Enzymatic vitreolysis with ocriplasminVitreomacular traction — a reviewEMA — Jetrea withdrawalNICE TA297 — Ocriplasmin guidance withdrawnNHS — Macular holeMacular Society — support and practical informationNHS — Vision lossNEI — Retinal detachment warning signsVitreous hemorrhage
Names, abbreviations & related terms: Vitreous haemorrhage
Blood in the eye’s vitreous can cause sudden floaters or haze; finding the source is the priority.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorShaikh et al. — Vitreous hemorrhage: Causes, diagnosis, and managementHemorrhagic posterior vitreous detachment: A comprehensive review
9 more sources
NEI — Retinal detachmentStatPearls — Vitreous HemorrhageAntoszyk et al. — Aflibercept versus vitrectomy with PRP: Protocol ABEarly versus Late Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Vitreous Hemorrhage: A Systematic ReviewSafety profile and surgical outcomes of early vitrectomy in unexplained fundus-obscuring hemorrhageRNIB — support and communityRNIB/RCOphth — Understanding retinal detachmentNHS — Vision lossAmerican Society of Retina Specialists — Glossary: vitreous hemorrhageWhite pupil / leukocoria and retinoblastoma awareness
A white pupil reflex can signal several eye problems and deserves prompt clinical assessment.
Wolfram syndrome
Names, abbreviations & related terms: DIDMOAD · diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy syndrome
Wolfram syndrome can combine optic nerve damage with diabetes, hearing loss and other needs that deserve coordinated care.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorGeneReviews — WFS1 Spectrum DisorderElliott et al. — Consensus Recommendations for the Clinical Management of Wolfram syndrome Using a Delphi Method
5 more sources
Hoekel et al. — Visual pathway function and structure in Wolfram syndrome: patient age, variation and progressionUniversity of Birmingham — TREATWOLFRAM interim results, June 23, 2025MedlinePlus Genetics — Wolfram syndromeTREATWOLFRAM — protocol for a pivotal multicentre randomized double-blind controlled trialNational Eye Institute — Low VisionX-linked retinoschisis
Names, abbreviations & related terms: XLRS · Congenital X-linked retinoschisis · CXLRS
RS1-related retinal-layer splitting often affects central vision from childhood; complications and course vary.
Read the visual guideTry the focused simulatorGeneReviews — X-Linked Congenital RetinoschisisASRS — Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis
9 more sources
Ku et al. — X-Linked RetinoschisisHensman et al. — AXIS randomized clinical trialLiang et al. — Subretinal Gene Therapy for X-Linked RetinoschisisHensman et al. — REAXIS crossover studyAtsena — ATSN-201 LIGHTHOUSE preliminary results and investigational statusRetina UK — Online information and supportFoundation Fighting BlindnessNHS — Vision lossNEI — Retinal detachment warning signsNo matching topics. Try another name or clear a filter. Use the feedback option in the main simulator to suggest a missing topic.
A 50-topic neuro-ophthalmology cross-check
These common presentations and rare disorders form one practical coverage checkpoint. The broader library includes additional neuro-ophthalmic topics. This list is grouped by pathway, not ranked by frequency or seriousness.
Explore the 50-topic checklist
- Optic neuritis
- MOG antibody-associated disease
- Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
- Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
- Giant cell arteritis and arteritic visual loss
- Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy
- Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
- Dominant optic atrophy
- Optic nerve hypoplasia
- Optic disc drusen
- Papilledema
- Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- Pituitary tumors and optic-chiasm compression
- Optic nerve sheath meningioma
- Optic pathway glioma
- Medication-related optic neuropathy
- Nutritional optic neuropathy
- Optic perineuritis
- Neuroretinitis
- Third cranial nerve palsy
- Fourth cranial nerve palsy
- Sixth cranial nerve palsy
- Microvascular ocular motor cranial nerve palsy
- Ocular myasthenia gravis
- Thyroid eye disease
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
- Skew deviation and ocular tilt reaction
- Convergence insufficiency
- Infantile nystagmus
- Acquired pendular nystagmus
- Downbeat and upbeat nystagmus
- Superior oblique myokymia
- Ocular neuromyotonia
- Anisocoria: unequal pupil sizes
- Horner syndrome
- Adie tonic pupil
- Ptosis: drooping upper eyelid
- Blepharospasm
- Homonymous hemianopia
- Cerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI)
- Visual neglect and spatial inattention
- Visual object agnosia
- Prosopagnosia
- Acquired cerebral visual loss and cortical blindness
- Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA)
- Migraine visual aura
- Occipital lobe seizures
- Visual snow syndrome
- Palinopsia and visual perseveration
- Charles Bonnet syndrome
How we checked for missing topics
Four research agents cross-checked specialty condition lists, clinical references and the existing VisualSim library. The review includes common problems and rare disorders of the retina, eye surface, optic nerves, eye movements and visual brain. Similar names are reconciled; a symptom, underlying disease and disease subtype are not automatically the same entry.
A specialist’s case mix depends on the clinic and referral system. The neuro-ophthalmology coverage review is not a worldwide “top 50” frequency ranking. Reference coverage is also different from a finished visual guide or a validated simulation. We continue to track missing and incompletely researched topics.
- NANOS patient brochures
- Stanford neuro-ophthalmology conditions
- Johns Hopkins neuro-ophthalmology
- National Eye Institute A–Z
- ASRS retina fact sheets
Some conditions need anatomy, task examples and support resources rather than a blur or field-loss filter. CVI, visual neglect, recognition disorders and binocular suppression are examples where a generic overlay would mislead. Read our research and editorial standards.
Find support alongside information
Search organizations, practical support and community connections. The library does not diagnose the cause of a visual problem, and matching an illustration should never delay care.